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1、CHAPTER3Migration,Hukou,andtheCityC.CindyFanRural–urbanmigrationisplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinshapingtheeconomicanddemographiclandscapeofChinesecities.1Overthepasttwodecades,Chinahastransformeditselffromarelativelyimmo-bilesocietytooneinwhichmorethan10percentofthepopulationa
2、remigrants.AlthoughChina’smobilityrateisstilllowcomparedwiththatofadvancedindustrialeconomies,thesheersizeofthemigrantflowsandtheirdramaticeconomicandsocialconsequenceshavealreadyprofoundlyaffectedeconomicgrowthandurbandevelop-ment.Lookingahead,decisionmakersatalllevelswillneedtocra
3、ftpoliciesthataddressissuesofmigrationandrural–urbanmigrants—issuesthatarehotlydebatedamongscholars,Chinesepolicymakers,andothers.Thischapterpresentsrecentfindingsthatdescribemigrationpatternsandchangessincethe1980s.Itcomplementsandextendsthediscussioninchapter2,highlightingthesalie
4、ntfacetsofmigrationthathavedirectimplicationsforChina’surbanizationprocess.FundingfromtheWorldBank,theNationalScienceFoundation(BCS-0455107andSBR-9618500),theLuceFoundation,andtheAcademicSenateoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesisgratefullyacknowledged.TheauthoralsothanksMingjie
5、SunandWenfeiWinnieWangfortheirresearchassistance.1Rural–urbanmigrationhasbeenthemaindriverofurbangrowthinChinasincethe1980s(seeDuan2003,LuandWang2006,andchapter2ofthisvolume).6566ChinaUrbanizes:Consequences,Strategies,andPoliciesThechapterisdividedintofoursections.Thefirstsectiondes
6、cribesthehukousystemanditsrelationwithpopulationmovements.Thesecondsectionsummarizesthemagnitude,spatialpatterns,andreasonsformigrationanddescribesmigrantcharacteristics.Thethirdsectionexam-inestheeffectsofrural–urbanmigrationonurbanandruralareas.Thefinalsectiondiscussesthepolicyimp
7、licationsofincreasedmigration.TheHukouSystemandItsReformChina’shukousystembecamelawin1958,whentheNationalPeople’sCongresspassedits“RegulationsonHouseholdRegistrationinthePeople’sRepublicofChina.”Undertheseregulations,everyChinesecitizenisassignedahukoulocation(hukousuozaidi)andan“ag
8、ricultural”(rural)o
