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1、ArchaeologyandtheChinesecityPaulWheatleyIntheintellectuallifeoftraditionalChinaitisscarcelyanexaggerationtosaythatthedeadprevailedintestimonyovertheliving.Itisnotsurprising,therefore,thatrelicsofthepastfortuitouslychanceduponshouldfromearlytimeshaveexerciseda
2、powerfulfascinationformembersoftheChinesescholarclass.ThestoryofthediscoveryinA.D.280ofahoardofbamboowritingslipsinaWeiltombofthethirdcenturyB.C.iswellknown,andthereisevidencethattheseriouscollectingofantiqueswaspractisedasearlyastheT'ang2dynasty(A.D.6i8-906)
3、.CertainlybySung3timesitwasbeingunder-takenonaconsiderablescale(WangKuo-weiI928;RudolphI963:I69-77).TheSungarchaeologicalcatalogueK'ao-kut'u4(author'sprefacedated1092)listsfivegovernmentortemplecollectionsandnolessthansixtyinprivatehands,whileintheT'ieh-weiSh
4、ants'ung-t'an5(4,23b-25b),possiblynotanentirelyreliabledescriptivecatalogue,itisclaimedthattheimperialcollectionunderEmperorHuiTsung6(IOI-26)comprisedsomeIo,oooitems.Rudolph(I963:175)citesthefollowingasrepresentativeofthetypeofremarkfrequentlyencounteredinboo
5、ksoftheperiod:'Therewasnoplacewherepeopledidnotgointheirsearchforancientbronzes;marshesweredrainedandhillswereduginto,andnoimportanttombintheempireremainedunopened.'ItwastowardsthecloseoftheNorthernSungdynasty,atatimewhenrubbingsofancientstonemonu-mentswerein
6、greatdemand(Ch'ing-potsa-chih722:4a-b.Shuo-fued.:tradeinrubbingsdiscussedbyCh'iianHan-shengI939:I89-30I),thatYuShih-hsiung8tookadvantageofthefacilitiesaffordedbyhispositionasagovernmentofficialtohaveamapoftheChaoLing9tombcomplexoutsideCh'ang-an:tengravedinsto
7、ne(reproducedin,int.al.,AdachiKirokuI933:Opp.254).Fromthistimeonwardstheclassificationandauthen-ticityofantiquitiesbecamemattersofconcerntoconsiderablenumbersofChineselitterateurs,whodrewonsuchevidenceincreasinglyfrequentlyintheirtextualandepigraphicstudies.T
8、owardstheendofthenineteenthcenturythispredominantlyeclectic,oftenun-systematic,styleofcollectingwassupplementedbyadevelopinginterestintheinscribedbonesandshellsthatwerethenbeginningtoappe
