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1、REVIEWSpyingoncancer:MolecularimaginginvivowithgeneticallyencodedreportersShimonGross1andDavidPiwnica-Worms1,21MolecularImagingCenter,MallinckrodtInstituteofRadiology,andDepartmentofMolecularBiologyandPharmacology,WashingtonUniversityMedicalSchool,St.
2、Louis,Missouri631102Correspondence:piwnica-wormsd@mir.wustl.eduGeneticallyencodedimagingreportersintroducedintocellsandtransgenicanimalsenablenoninvasive,longitudinalstudiesofdynamicbiologicalprocessesinvivo.Themostcommonreportersincludefireflylucifer
3、ase(bioluminescenceimaging),greenfluorescenceprotein(fluorescenceimaging),herpessimplexvirus-1thymidinekinase(positronemissiontomography),andvariantswithenhancedspectralandkineticproperties.Whenclonedintopromoter/enhancersequencesorengineeredintofusio
4、nproteins,imagingreportersallowtranscriptionalregulation,signaltransduction,protein-proteininteractions,oncogenictransformation,celltrafficking,andtargeteddrugactiontobespatiotemporallyresolvedinvivo.Spyingoncancerwithgeneticallyencodedimagingreporter
5、sprovidesinsightintocancer-specificmolecularmachinerywithinthecontextofthewholeanimal.Introductiontoreportergenesandmolecularimagingareusefulinbiologicalstudies,butinjectableagentshavetheNovelmedicaltherapies,diagnostics,andcurespreviouslynotpotential
6、todirectlytranslatetotheclinic.Exceptinthecontextimaginedareanticipatedtoemergefromtherefinedmapoftheofgenetherapy,geneticallyencodedreportersarelesslikelytohumangenome.Theapplicationofgenomicshasprovidednewbeusedinhumans,butpossessafundamentaladvanta
7、geinmeansforrecognizingthemolecularbasisofnumerousdis-basicresearch,inthatoncevalidated,ageneticallyencodedeasesandidentifyingnoveldrugtargetsforpharmacologicalreportercantheoreticallybeclonedintoavarietyofvectors,interventionanddiagnostics.Routinelyu
8、sedmethodologiestoandabroadarrayofregulatorypathwayscanbeinterrogatedstudybiologicalprocessesarebasedondestructivesamplingwiththesamevalidatedreporter.Forradiopharmaceuticals,thisofbiologicalmaterial,thusallowingtheresearchertowitnesseliminate
