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1、RegionalScienceandUrbanEconomics29(1999)473±489Landusebeforezoning:Thecaseof1920'sChicagoDanielP.McMillena,*,JohnF.McDonaldb,caDepartmentofEconomics,TulaneUniversity,NewOrleansLA70118,USAbDepartmentofEconomics,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,USAcDepartmentofFinance,University
2、ofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,USAReceived15September1997;receivedinrevisedform9December1998;accepted7January1999AbstractAttemptingtomitigatethenegativeexternalitiesassociatedwithmixedlanduse,mostmajorUScitiespassedcomprehensivezoningordinancesinthe1920's.Modernanalystssuggestthatmore
3、exclusionarymotivesaccountforzoning'swidespreadpopularity.WedocumenttheextenttowhichlandusewasmixedbeforeChicagoadoptedits®rstzoningordinance.We®ndnumerousinstanceswheremanufacturingandcommerciallotswerepresentonresidentialblocks.Mixedlandusewasmostprevalentinolderareasofthecityand
4、inareaswhereitcausedlittleharmÐalongmajorstreetsandnearpublictransportation.Ó1999ElsevierScienceB.V.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Zoning;Landuse;NonparametricJELclassi®cation:R14;R52;C14;N421.IntroductionThenumberofAmericancitieswithzoningordinancesrosefrom35tonearly500duringthe1920's
5、(Mills,1979).Whataccountsforzoning'spopularitysurge?Muchcreditgoestoconcernsovernegativeexternalitiesassociatedwithhavingcommercialandmanufacturingestablishmentsinresidentialareas.The®rstChicagozoningordinanceof1923isexemplary.TheChicagoZoningCommission*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:11-
6、504-862-8344;fax:11-504-865-5869.E-mailaddress:dmcmill@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu(D.P.McMillen)0166-0462/99/$±seefrontmatterÓ1999ElsevierScienceB.V.Allrightsreserved.PII:S0166-0462(99)00004-6474D.P.McMillen,J.F.McDonald/Reg.Sci.UrbanEcon.29(1999)473±489wasestablishedin1919,threeyearsa
7、fterNewYork'sprototypewaspassed.ApprovalforthezoningordinancecameonApril16,1923.TheFinalReportoftheLibrary,CityPlanningandZoningCommitteeoftheChicagoRealEstateBoardonZoninginChicago(1923,p.5)arguesthattheexternalitiesweresuf®cientlyseveretohavecausedlandvaluestohavedeclinedbyasmuch
8、as$1billion,andcites(p.12)
