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1、Volume88Number864December2006PrecautionsunderthelawgoverningtheconductofhostilitiesJean-Franc¸oisQue´guiner*Jean-Franc¸oisQue´guinerisLegalAdviserintheLegalDivisionoftheICRC.AbstractThisarticlepresentsadescriptiveanalysisoftheprecautionsthatarerequiredofallbell
2、igerentsinordertoensuretheprotectionofcivilianpopulationsandobjectsagainsttheeffectsofhostilities.Theauthorarguesthatboththeattackerandthedefendermusttakeprecautionstoavoid,oratleastminimize,collateralcasualtiesanddamage.Therulesimposingsuchprecautionarymeasure
3、srepresentclearstandardsofconduct.Thisistrueeventhoughtheyarewordedinflexibletermstotakeintoaccounttherealitythatmistakesormisjudgementsareinevitable,andthatthebalancebetweenmilitaryandhumanitarianinterestsisnotalwayseasytoreach.Respectforcivilianpersonsandobje
4、ctsandprotectingthemagainsttheeffectsofhostilitiesisanimportantraisond’eˆtreofinternationalhumanitarianlaw(IHL).ThebasicruleenshrinedinArticle48ofAdditionalProtocolItotheGenevaConventionsrequiresthatpartiestoaconflictdistinguishbetweencivilianpersonsandobjectso
5、ntheonehand,andcombatantsandmilitaryobjectivesontheother,andthattheydirecttheiroperationsagainstmilitaryobjectives(personsorobjects)only.Anumberofconcreteobligationscanbederivedfromthisgeneralprincipleofdistinction,suchastheprohibitionofdirectattacksagainstcivi
6、lian*Thiscontributionreflectstheviewsoftheauthor,andnotnecessarilythoseoftheICRC.Itisbasedonanupdatedandtranslatedchapterintheauthorsdoctoralthesis,Leprincipededistinctiondanslaconduitedeshostilite´sUnprincipetraditionnelconfronte´a`desde´fisactuels,The`sen˚706
7、,Universite´deGene`ve,InstitutuniversitairedesHautesE´tudesinternationales,Gene`ve,2006,493pp.TheauthorwouldliketothankNathalieWeizmann,ICRCLegalDivision,forrevisingthetextandprovidingmanyusefulsubstantivecomments.793J-F.Que´guiner–Precautionsunderthelawgoverni
8、ngtheconductofhostilities1personsandobjectsandtheprohibitionofactsorthreatsofviolencetheprimary2purposeofwhichistospreadterroramongthecivilianpopulation.Similarly,indiscrimi
