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1、ComponentsoflargeCCulture:Socialinstitutionsandorganizations.Languageandothercommunicationsystems.Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns.Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandards,thinkingpatterns.Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartistic
2、development.CultureOnionDutchscholarFonsTrompenaars(1998)describescultureinthreelayers:a)Theouterlayer:theexplicitcultureproducts,whichrefertotheobservablethingslikelanguage,food,buildings,house,monuments,agriculture,markets,fashionandart,whicharethesym
3、bolsofadeeperlevelofculture.b)Themiddlelayer:normsandvalues,reflectedbytheexplicitfactorsc)Thecore:assumptionsaboutculture.Fromthefundamentalrelationshipwiththenature,mankindlikesthecore:meaningoflife.Thus,inthissense"cultureisanythingbutnature."Charact
4、eristicsofCulture1.Cultureistransmissible2.Cultureisshared.Membersofacultureshareasetofideas,values,andstandardsofbehaviors,andthissetiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture.3.Cultureismostlylearnedunconsciously/acquired.Cultur
5、eislearned,notinherited（遗传的）.Itderivesfromone’ssocialenvironment,notfromone’sgenes.4.Cultureissymbolic.5.Cultureisintegrated.Tokeeptheculturefunctioning,allaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.6.Cultureisdynamic.Cultureissubjecttochange.It’sdynamicrather
6、thanstatic（静态的）,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Itchangesthroughthreemostcommonmechanisms:innovation（创新）,diffusion（传播）andacculturation（文化适应）.7.Cultureisethnocentric（民族中心主义的）.8.Cultureistheguidingprin
7、ciplesforactions.Keyterms Enculturation（社会文化适应）：Enculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.（社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。Acculturation（文化适应）：Acculturation,orculturaladaptation,referstoanindividual’slearningandadaptingtothen
8、ormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.（文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程）。Separationandsegregation（分离和隔离）：themaintainingone’soriginalcultureandnotparticipatinginthenewculture.（指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化）。Integration(文化整合):Ittakesplacewh
