资源描述：
《industrial revolution》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、IndustrialRevolution,thechangefromtheuseofhandmethodsofmanufacturingtomachinemethods.Thischange,whichbeganinEnglandabout1750andlaterspreadtoothercountries,iscalleda“revolution”becauseitbroughtvastchangesinthewaypeopleworkandlive.Itcreatedanindustrializedsociety—oneinwhichlarge-scalemechaniz
2、edmanufacturingreplacedfarmingasthemainsourceofjobs.Insteadofgrowingtheirownfoodandmakingathometheproductstheyuse,agreatmanypersonsinanindustrializedsocietyworkforwagesandbuytheirfoodandothernecessities.Theyliveintownsandcitiesratherthaninthecountry.Progressintechnologyandinindustrialdevelo
3、pmenthasbeenalmostcontinuoussincetheIndustrialRevolutionbegan.Since1900,andparticularlysinceWorldWarII,industryandtechnologyhaveadvancedatanever-increasingrate.Inasense,therevolutionthatbeganaround1750hasneverended.ThetermindustrialrevolutionwasoriginatedbyJ.A.Blanqui,a19th-centuryFrencheco
4、nomist.ThetermcameintopopularuseafterArnoldToynbee,aBritisheconomist,publishedthebookTheIndustrialRevolutionin1884.EffectsoftheIndustrialRevolutionOntheonehandtheIndustrialRevolutionbroughtmassesofpeoplefromthecountrytothecity.Itledtohigherstandardsofliving,asinexpensivemanufacturedgoodscam
5、eonthemarket.Itincreasedtradebetweennations.Ontheotherhand,therevolution,initsearlydays,broughtexploitationofworkers;slums;andgreatsufferingasaresultofperiodicunemployment.ThewondersofmodernsciencearearesultoftheIndustrialRevolution,butsoarethehorrorsofmodernwar.TheIndustrialRevolutionbroug
6、htontheriseofcapitalism,socialism,andcommunism.Laborunions,sociallegislation,governmentregulation—allareoutgrowthsoftheIndustrialRevolution.BackgroundThegroundhadbeenpreparedfortheIndustrialRevolutioninEnglandoveralongperiod.DuringtheCrusades(12ththrough13thcentury),traderouteswereopenedtof
7、arawaylandsandamerchant（商人）classdeveloped.Inthe17thcentury,overseastradeincreasedgreatlyasaresultofvoyagesofexplorationandcolonizationoftheAmericas.Merchantsgrewprosperous（繁荣）,andalargemiddleclassdevelopedthatwantedandcouldaffordahigherstandardofliving.E
