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1、TheindustrialrevolutionintheUnitedStates AsithaddoneinBritain,industrializationbroughtdeepandoftendistressingshiftstoAmericansociety.Theinfluenceofrurallifedeclined,andtherelativeeconomicimportanceofagriculturedwindled.Althoughtheamountoflandundercultivationandthenumbero
2、fpeopleearningalivingfromagricultureexpanded,thegrowthofcommerce,manufacturing,andtheserviceindustriessteadilyeclipsedfarming’ssignificance.Theproportionoftheworkforcedependentonagricultureshrankconstantlyfromthetimeofthefirstfederalcensusin1790.Fromthattimeuntiltheendof
3、the19thcentury,farmworkersdroppedfromabout75percentoftheworkforcetoabout40percent.词汇：distressing痛苦的shift变化；rurallife乡村生活； Theinfluenceof…对…产生影响；relative相对的；eclipse吞噬Landundercultivation耕地；theproportionoftheworkforce劳动力比例；Newtechnologywasintroducedinagriculture.Thescarci
4、tyoflaborandthegrowthofmarketsforagriculturalproductsencouragedtheintroductionofmachinerytothefarms.Machineryincreasedproductivitysothatfewerhandscouldproducemorefoodperacre.Newplows,seeddrills,cultivators,mowers,andthreshers,aswellasthereaper,allappearedby1860.Farmersal
5、sousedlimitedsteampowerinthelate19thcentury,andbyabout1905theybeganusinggasoline-poweredtractors.Ataboutthesametime,Americansbegantoapplysciencesystematicallytoagriculture,suchasbyusinggeneticsasabasisforplantbreeding.Thesetechniques,plusfertilizersandpesticides,helpedto
6、increasefarmproductivity.Thescarcityoflabor劳动力匮乏；agriculturalproducts农业产品；Plows犁耙；seeddrills播种机；mowers除草机Threshers脱粒机；reaper收割机； AsinBritain,theIndustrialRevolutionintheUnitedStatesledtomajorsocialchanges.Urbanpopulationgrew,ruralpopulationdeclined,andthenatureoflaborch
7、angeddramatically.Asaresultoftheshiftineconomicimportancefromagriculturetomanufacturing,Americancitiesgrewbothinnumberandinpopulation.From1860to1900thenumberofurbanareasintheUnitedStatesexpandedfivefold.Evenmorestrikingwastheexplosioninthegrowthofbigcities.In1860therewer
8、eonly9Americancitieswithmorethan100,000inhabitants,by1900therewere38.LiketheBritishcriticsoftheprecedin
