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1、BehavioralexperimentsonbiasedvotinginnetworksMichaelKearns1,StephenJudd,JinsongTan,andJenniferWortmanUniversityofPennsylvania,DepartmentofComputerandInformationScience,3330WalnutStreet,Philadelphia,PA19104EditedbyRonaldL.Graham,UniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego,LaJoll
2、a,CA,andapprovedDecember5,2008(receivedforreviewAugust19,2008)Manydistributedcollectivedecision-makingprocessesmustbal-havenoglobalinformationonthecurrentstateofthenetworkancediverseindividualpreferenceswithadesireforcollective(asidefromacrudeandrelativelyuninformati
3、ve‘‘progressbar’’;unity.WereporthereonanextensivesessionofbehavioralseeFig.1).Nocommunicationbetweensubjectsoutsidetheexperimentsonbiasedvotinginnetworksofindividuals.Ineachofexperimentalplatformispermitted.81experiments,36humansubjectsarrangedinavirtualnetworkIneach
4、experiment,eachsubjectisgivenafinancialincentivethatwerefinanciallymotivatedtoreachglobalconsensustooneoftwovariesacrossthenetwork,andspecifiesbothindividualpreferencesopposingchoices.Nopaymentsweremadeunlesstheentireandthedemandforcollectiveunity.Forinstance,oneplaye
5、rmightpopulationreachedaunanimousdecisionwithin1min,butdif-bepaid$1.25forblueconsensusand$0.75forredconsensus,ferentsubjectswerepaidmoreforconsensustoonechoiceorthewhereasanothermightbepaid$0.50forblueconsensusand$1.50other,andsubjectscouldviewonlythecurrentchoicesof
6、theirforredconsensus,thuscreatingdistinctandcompetingpreferencesnetworkneighbors,thuscreatingtensionsbetweenprivateincen-acrossindividuals.However,paymentsforanexperimentaremadetivesandpreferences,globalunity,andnetworkstructure.Alongonlyif(redorblue)globalunanimityi
7、sreached,sosubjectsmustwithanalysesofhowcollectiveandindividualperformancevarybalancetheirpreferenceforhigherpayoffswiththeirdesireforanywithnetworkstructureandincentivesgenerally,wefindthatpayoffatall.Ascreenshotforaparticularsubjectinatypicaltherearewell-studiednetw
8、orktopologiesinwhichtheminorityexperimentisshowninFig.1.Wenotethatourexperimentsmaypreferenceconsistentlywinsglobally;thatthepresen
