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1、Spanner:Google’sGlobally-DistributedDatabaseJamesC.Corbett,JeffreyDean,MichaelEpstein,AndrewFikes,ChristopherFrost,JJFurman,SanjayGhemawat,AndreyGubarev,ChristopherHeiser,PeterHochschild,WilsonHsieh,SebastianKanthak,EugeneKogan,HongyiLi,AlexanderLloyd,SergeyMelnik,DavidMwaura,DavidNagle,S
2、eanQuinlan,RajeshRao,LindsayRolig,YasushiSaito,MichalSzymaniak,ChristopherTaylor,RuthWang,DaleWoodfordGoogle,Inc.Abstracttencyoverhigheravailability,aslongastheycansurvive1or2datacenterfailures.SpannerisGoogle’sscalable,multi-version,globally-Spanner’smainfocusismanagingcross-datacenterdi
3、stributed,andsynchronously-replicateddatabase.Itisreplicateddata,butwehavealsospentagreatdealofthefirstsystemtodistributedataatglobalscaleandsup-timeindesigningandimplementingimportantdatabaseportexternally-consistentdistributedtransactions.Thisfeaturesontopofourdistributed-systemsinfrastr
4、ucture.paperdescribeshowSpannerisstructured,itsfeatureset,EventhoughmanyprojectshappilyuseBigtable[9],wetherationaleunderlyingvariousdesigndecisions,andahavealsoconsistentlyreceivedcomplaintsfromusersnoveltimeAPIthatexposesclockuncertainty.ThisAPIthatBigtablecanbedifficulttouseforsomekinds
5、ofap-anditsimplementationarecriticaltosupportingexter-plications:thosethathavecomplex,evolvingschemas,nalconsistencyandavarietyofpowerfulfeatures:non-orthosethatwantstrongconsistencyinthepresenceofblockingreadsinthepast,lock-freeread-onlytransac-wide-areareplication.(Similarclaimshavebeen
6、madetions,andatomicschemachanges,acrossallofSpanner.byotherauthors[37].)ManyapplicationsatGooglehavechosentouseMegastore[5]becauseofitssemi-1Introductionrelationaldatamodelandsupportforsynchronousrepli-cation,despiteitsrelativelypoorwritethroughput.AsaSpannerisascalable,globally-distribut
7、eddatabasede-consequence,SpannerhasevolvedfromaBigtable-likesigned,built,anddeployedatGoogle.Atthehigh-versionedkey-valuestoreintoatemporalmulti-versionestlevelofabstraction,itisadatabasethatshardsdatadatabase.Dataisstoredinschematizedsemi-relationalacrossmanysetsof
