(普特南) Putnam - 1969 - 'Logical Positivism and the Philosophy of Mind'

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1、MIND,LANGUAGEANDREALITYreduction,sonosurprisesneedbeexpectedhere.First,identificationof22psychologicalstateswithfunctionalstatesmeansthatthelawsofpsycho~ogycanbederivedfromstatementsoftheform'such-and-suchLogicalpositivismandthephilosophyofmindforganismshavesuch-and-suchDescriptions'togeth

2、erwiththeidentifi-cationstatements('beinginpainissuch-and-suchafunctionalstate',etc.).Secondly,thepresenceofthefunctionalstate(i.e.ofinputswhichplaytherolewehavedescribedintheFunctionalOrganizationoftheorganism)isnotmerely'corrklatedwith'butactuallyexplainsthepainbehavioronthepartoftheorga

3、nism.Thirdly,theidentificationservesAnydiscussionoftheinfluenceoflogicalpositivismonthefieldoftoexcludequestionswhich(ifanaturalisticviewiscorrect)representphilosophyofmindwillhavetoincludetheapplicationoftheso-calledanaltogetherwrongwayoflookingatthematter,e.g.'Whatispainifverifiabilityth

4、eoryofmeaningtotheproblemsofthisfield.Alsoitisn'teitherthebrainstateorthefunctionalstate?'and'Whatcausesdeservingattention,however,isthewayinwhichCarnapandsomeofthepaintobealwaysaccompaniedbythissortoffunctionalstate?'Inhisfollowershavetreatedpsychologicalterms-includingeverydayshort,theid

5、entificationistobetentativelyacceptedasatheorywhichpsychologicaltermssuchas'pain'-aswhatintheirownspecialsenseleadstobothfruitfulpredictionsandtofruitfulquestions,andwhichtheycalledtheoreticalterms;theyhavesuggestedthatthestatesservestodiscouragefruitlessandempiricallysenselessquestions,wh

6、erereferredtobythosetheoreticaltermsmight,inreality,beneurophysio-by'empiricallysenseless'Imean'senseless'notmerelyfromthelogicalstatesofthebrain.standpointofverification,butfromthestandpointofwhatthereinThetwolinesofthoughtmentionedroughlycorrespondtotwofactis.temporalstagesinthedevelopme

7、ntofthemovement.Duringtheearlyyears(1928-36)attemptsweremadetoapplyverificationistideasinawholesaleandsi~nplisticmannertoalltheproblemsofphilosophy,includingthephilosophyofmind.Inrecentyears(1955tothepresent)amuchmoresophisticatedanalysishasbeenoffered,butitis