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1、现代英语词汇学ModernEnglishLexicologyUnit4词的语义特征内容提要概述动态动词静态动词第四章:词的语义特征语义特征(semanticfeatures)是对人类抽象活动的一种概括。,属于元语言(metalanguage)。用来描写任何语言的语义。如:具有语义特征A,记作[+A];不具有语特征A,记作[-A]。第四章:词的语义特征描述如下:Man+Male+Adult+HumanWoman-Male+Adult+HumanBoy+Male-Adult+HumanGirl-Male-Adult+HumanBullock+Male+Adult-HumanCow-Male+A
2、dult-Human第四章:词的语义特征动词:一、动态动词:1.表活动的动词;Abandon,ask,call,help,learn,listen,lookat,play,say,work,write2.表过程的动词:Change,deteriorate,grow,mature,slowdown,widen第四章:词的语义特征动词:一、动态动词:3.表人体感觉的词:ache,feel,hurt,itch4.表过渡性经历的动词arrive,die,fall,land,leave,lose5.表短暂动作hit,jump,kick,knock,nod,tap第四章:词的语义特征二、静态动词:1.表示
3、情性感觉和认知的动词abhor(痛恨),adore(崇拜),astonish,believe,desire,detest(厌恶),feel,hate,like,love,realize,recall等。2.表示关系的动词Applyto(everyone),be,belongto,concern,consistof,contain,cost,dependon,deserve等第四章:词的语义特征根据次范畴化(subcastegorization)规则,可对动词进一步细分:及物和不及物。KilldieKill=[cause]X[die]YDie=[cause]X[die]X第四章:词的语义特征有些
4、动词可根据语义特征[±Volitive]加以区分。Look,see;listen,hearA.JohnlookedhighandlowforMary,buthedidnotseeher.B.Welistenedbutcouldhearnothing.Johnwaslookingintentlyatthepictureonthewall.Theyarelisteningattentivelytothelecture.第四章:词的语义特征及物与不及物——volitiveThesoldiersmarched(home).Theymarchedthesoldiers(home)Mydogwaswalk
5、ing.Iwaswalkingmydog.Joestood(againstthewall).Theystoodjoeagainstthewall.第四章:词的语义特征Furtherdiscussion:1.动态:Kick,persuade;静态:own,resemble动态动词可以用于命令句,而静态动词常不用。Kicktheball.Persuadehimtoleave.?Ownthehouse.?Resembleyourfather.第四章:词的语义特征2.动态动词可用进行体,而静态动词常不用。Thegirliskickingtheball.Thegirlispersuadinghimtol
6、eave.?Thepatronisowningthehouse.?Thegirlisresemblingherfather.第四章:词的语义特征3.动态动词可用于内嵌句(embeddedsentence)而静态动词不可。Itoldthegirltokicktheball.Itoldthegirltopersuadehimtoleave.?Itoldthegirltoownthehouse.?Itoldthegirltoresembleherfather.第四章:词的语义特征4.在带有do代词形式的假似分裂句中只能用动态动词。WhatIdidwastolearnthelanguage.?What
7、Ididwastoknowthelanguage.第四章:词的语义特征Discussion:Bepatient.?Betipsy.Theconductorisbeingpatient.Heisbeingpatient.?Heisbeingtipsy.Itoldthemantobepatient.?Itoldthemantobetipsy.WhatIdidwastobepatient.?WhatId