现代英语词汇学语义特征

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1、ModernEnglishLexicologyUnit4词的语义特征applebananapotatofruitvegetableHealthfoodConcept,categorization,subcategorization(王寅)范畴化是一种基于体验，以主客体互动为出发点，对外界事物进行主观概括和类属划分的心智过程，是一种赋予世界以一定结构，并使其从无序转向有序的理性活动，也是人类认识世界的一个重要手段。范畴化是人类认识世界的一种基本认知方式。对比和概括是范畴化过程的两个主要手段(有一定先天成分)。范畴化具有体验性，规则性，无意识性，创造力，想象力等特征

2、。第四章：词的语义特征语义特征（semanticfeatures）是对人类抽象活动的一种概括。，属于元语言（metalanguage）。用来描写任何语言的语义。如：具有语义特征A，记作[+A]；不具有语特征A，记作[-A]。“Theanalysisofwordmeaningisoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents”(Leech1981:84)Themeaningofwordsaremadeupofcombinationsoftheirsensecompon

3、ents.Minimaldistinctivefeatureorproperties.Whatmakeupthesenseofwordandinturndefinetheword.Averysimpleexampleofthisisprovidedbythewordsman,woman,boy,girl,andother,relatedwordsinEnglish.Thesewordsallbelongtothesemanticfield‘thehumanrace’,andtherelationbetweenthemmaybeappropriatelyrepre

4、sentedbyatwo-dimensional‘fielddiagram’:‘male’‘female’‘adult’‘man’‘woman’‘young’‘boy’‘girl’‘human’Thedimensionsofmeaningthemselveswillbetermedassemanticfeaturesandcomponents.AnotherwaytorepresentthesesensesistowriteformulaeinwhichthedimensionsofmeaningareexpressedbyfeaturesymbolslikeH

5、UMANandADULT.Themeaningsoftheindividualitemscanthenbeexpressedbycombinationsofthesefeatures:Man+HUMAN+ADULT+MALEWoman+HUMAN+ADULT-MALEBoy+HUMAN-ADULT+MALEGirl+HUMAN-ADULT-MALETheseformulaearecalledtheCOMPONENTIALDEFINITIONSoftheitemsconcerned:theycanberegarded,infact,asformulateddict

6、ionarydefinitions.TheseformulaearecalledtheCOMPONENTIALDEFINITIONSoftheitemsconcerned:theycanberegarded,infact,asformulateddictionarydefinitions.ThetermCOMPONENTIALANALYSIShasoftenbeenusedforthemethodofanalysisillustratedhere,thatofreducingaword’smeaningtoitsultimatecontrastiveelemen

7、ts.Itbearssomeresemblancetothemathematicalprocessoffactorizinganumber,e.g.10=1×2×5.Themeaningofwordsisnotanun-analyzablewhole.Therearesmallerthanthemeaningorword.Wordisregardedasacomplexofdifferentsemanticfeaturesandcomponents.Componentialanalysisreferstoanapproachbylinguiststodescri

8、bemeaningofw