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1、July1998!NREL/CP-590-23902EnvironmentallyBenignSiliconSolarCellManufacturingY.S.Tsuo,J.M.Gee,P.Menna,D.S.Strebkov,A.Pinov,andV.ZaddePresentedatthe2ndWorldConferenceandExhibitiononPhotovoltaicSolarEnergyConversion;6-10July1998;Vienna,AustriaNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBoulevard
2、Golden,Colorado80401-3393AnationallaboratoryoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyManagedbytheMidwestResearchInstituteFortheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyUnderContractNo.DE-AC36-83CH10093ENVIRONMENTALLYBENIGNSILICONSOLARCELLMANUFACTURINGY.S.TsuoNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,Golden,CO80401,USAPhone:303-38
3、4-6433,Fax:303-384-6531,E-mail:simon_tsuo@nrel.govJ.M.GeeSandiaNationalLaboratories,Albuquerque,NM87185,USAPhone:505-844-7812,Fax:505-844-6541,E-mail:jmgee@sandia.govP.MennaNationalAgencyforNewTechnologiesEnergy&Environment,I-80055Portici,ItalyPhone:39-81-772-3205,Fax:772-3299,E-mail:menna
4、@epocal.portici.enea.itD.S.Strebkov,A.Pinov,andV.ZaddeIntersolarcenter,Moscow109456,RussiaPhone:7-095-171-1920,Fax:7-095-170-5101,E-mail:intersolar@glas.apc.orgABSTRACT:Themanufacturingofsilicondevices-frompolysiliconproduction,crystalgrowth,ingotslicing,wafercleaning,deviceprocessing,toen
5、capsulation-requiresmanystepsthatareenergyintensiveanduselargeamountsofwaterandtoxicchemicals.Inthepasttwoyears,thesiliconintegrated-circuit(IC)industryhasinitiatedseveralprogramstopromoteenvironmentallybenignmanufacturing,i.e.,manufacturingpracticesthatrecover,recycle,andreusematerialsres
6、ourceswithaminimalconsumptionofenergy.Crystalline-siliconsolarphotovoltaic(PV)modules,whichaccountedfor87%oftheworldwidemoduleshipmentsin1997,arelarge-areadeviceswithmanymanufacturingstepssimilartothoseusedintheICindustry.Obviously,therearesignificantopportunitiesforthePVindustrytoimplemen
7、tmoreenvironmentallybenignmanufacturingapproaches.Suchapproachesoftenhavethepotentialforsignificantcostreductionbyreducingenergyuseand/orthepurchasevolumeofnewchemicalsandbycuttingtheamountofusedchemicalsthatmustbediscarded.Thispaperwillreviewrecentaccomplishm
