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1、2FundamentalsofDialogueSystems2.1IntroductionThischapterpresentsanintroductiontothefundamentalconceptsanddevel-opmentsthatshapedthefieldofdialoguesystemsresearch,andthuspresentsthebasisofourwork.Speechacttheory,togetherwiththeplan-basednotionofrationalagenc
2、y,hasbeenthepredominantframeworkofmosttheoreti-calapproachestobothhuman-humanandhuman-computerdialogueandisstillhighlyinfluentialtoday.However,converselytothisprocessthatmaybecalled“topdown,”asitstartsatthehighlevelofintentions,inthedialoguesystemscommunity
3、a“bottomup”movementhasbecomepopular.Itcanbecharacterisedasaimingtobuildactualsystems,especiallyusingspeech,thatcanrealisespecificdialoguesatthesurfacelevelwithoutamajortheoreti-calorcomputationaloverhead.Thishasledtothedevelopmentofdialoguescriptingapproach
4、es,suchasVoiceXML,amongothers.Weseeourworkasabuildingblockinacompromisebetweenthetwodi-rections.Althoughforourapproachwedonotadoptaplan-basedframeworkwhichinvariationisthebasisofmuchoftheresearchdescribedthischapter,werecognisethattheplan-basedapproachhasl
5、edtoimportantnotionsandmodellingapproaches,suchastheseparationofthedomainlevelfromotherlevelsofrepresentationinthediscourse.Ourapproachtodialoguemanage-ment,instead,isbasedontwolaterdevelopments:VoiceXMLandinformationstate-basedapproaches.Thechapterisorgan
6、isedasfollows:Inthefollowingwewillgiveabriefoverviewofthedevelopmentoftheplan-basedapproachtoanalysingdis-coursesanddialogues,beforediscussingsomeofthedevelopmentsinmoredetailinSections2.2,2.3,and2.4.Sections2.5and2.6arededicatedtotheconversetrendsofdialog
7、uescriptinglanguagesandinformationstate-basedapproaches.Finally,wewilldiscussaselectionofimplementedsystemsthatexhibitthefeaturesrelevanttoourworkinSection2.8.Onthisbasis,wewilldrawconclusionsastoourarchitectureanddesigndecisions.D.BühlerandW.Minker,Domain
8、-LevelReasoningforSpokenDialogueSystems,15DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-9728-9_2,©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011162FundamentalsofDialogueSystemsTryingtounderstandandformalisehowhumansuselanguageinordertoachiev
