Applied Linguistics-2001-Thompson-58-78

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1、AppliedLinguistics22/1:58±78#OxfordUniversityPress2001InteractioninAcademicWriting:LearningtoArguewiththeReaderGEOFFTHOMPSONUniversityofLiverpool,UKTheviewofwrittentextsasembodyinginteractionbetweenthewriterandreaderisnowwellestablished,andunderliesmanyaspectsthatmaybefocusedoninthetrainin

2、gofnovicewritersofacademictext.Inthispaper,Iarguethatinteractioncandrawonbothinteractiveandinteractionalresources:interactiveresourceshelptoguidethereaderthroughthetext,whileinteractionalresourcesinvolvethereadercollaborativelyinthedevelopmentofthetext.Iusetheconceptofthe`reader-in-the-tex

3、t'.ThompsonandThetela1995)toexploreacentralformofinteractionalresource:theinclusioninthetextofavoicethatisintendedtobeattributabletothereader.IidentifyaparticularsetofdiscoursecontextsinwhichthishappensÐwherethewriterbringsinthereader'sviewinordertocontradictitÐandoutlinethelexico-grammati

4、calfeatureswhichsignaltheothervoiceinthosecontexts;andIplacetheseinabroaderperspectiveonwrittentextasastage-managedformofdialogue.Theimpetusforthestudycomesfromworkingwithnovicewriters;andIdiscussanumberofexampleswherewrittendraftswereimprovedbyexploitingtheinteractionalresourcesdescribed,

5、andargueforthevalueofraisingstudents'awarenessoftheseresources.Ithaslongbeenacceptedthatdevelopingtheskillofeectivewritinginvolves,amongstotherthings,developinganawarenessoftheaudienceandanabilitytore¯ectandexploitthatawarenessinthewaythetextiswritten.seee.g.Nystrand1986;KirschandRoen1990;

6、GrabeandKaplan1996;Johns1997).Oneareadirectlyaectedbyaudienceawarenessisthewayinwhichthetextisorganizedandtheorganizationissignalled.Anytextcaninprinciplebeseenasarecordofadialoguebetweenwriterandreaderinwhich,asWiddowson.1984:59)argues,`thewriterhastoconducthisinteractionbyenactingtherole

7、sofbothparticipants'.Thatis,pro®cientwritersattempttosecond-guessthekindofinformationthatreadersmightwantorexpectto®ndateachpointintheunfoldingtext,andproceedbyanticipatingtheirquestionsabout,orreactionsto,whatiswritten.Thetextisbuiltupasaseriesofwriterrespons