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1、REVIEWSOFMODERNPHYSICS,VOLUME84,JANUARYMARCH2012Colloquium:Stimulatinguncertainty:AmplifyingthequantumvacuumwithsuperconductingcircuitsP.D.NationAdvancedScienceInstitute,RIKEN,Wako-shi,Saitama,351-0198Japan,andDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan48109-1040,USAJ.
2、R.JohanssonAdvancedScienceInstitute,RIKEN,Wako-shi,Saitama,351-0198JapanM.P.BlencoweDepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,DartmouthCollege,Hanover,NewHampshire03755-3528,USAFrancoNoriAdvancedScienceInstitute,RIKEN,Wako-shi,Saitama,351-0198Japan,andDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofMichigan,A
3、nnArbor,Michigan48109-1040,USA(published11January2012)TheabilitytogenerateparticlesfromthequantumvacuumisoneofthemostprofoundconsequencesofHeisenbergsuncertaintyprinciple.Althoughthesignificanceofvacuumfluctua-tionscanbeseenthroughoutphysics,theexperimentalrealizationofvacuumamplificati
4、oneffectshasuntilnowbeenlimitedtoafewcases.Superconductingcircuitdevices,drivenbythegoaltoachieveaviablequantumcomputer,havebeenusedintheexperimentaldemonstrationofthedynamicalCasimireffect,andmaysoonbeabletorealizetheelusiveverificationofanalogHawkingradiation.ThisColloquiumarticlede
5、scribesseveralmechanismsforgeneratingphotonsfromthequantumvacuumandemphasizestheirconnectiontothewell-knownparametricamplifierfromquantumoptics.Discussedindetailisthepossiblerealizationofeachmechanism,oritsanalog,insuperconductingcircuitsystems.Theabilitytoselectivelyengineerthesecirc
6、uitdeviceshighlightstherelationshipbetweenthevariousamplificationmechanisms.DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1PACSnumbers:85.25.Dq,42.50.Lc,04.62.+vCONTENTSuncertaintyprinciple,thevacuumstateofquantummechan-icsisteemingwithactivity.QuantumfluctuationsinherentinI.Introduction1thevacuumgiverise
7、toahostofparticlesthatseeminglyII.PreludetoQuantumAmplification2moveinandoutofexistenceintheblinkofaneye.TheseIII.VacuumAmplification4fluctuations,howeverfleeting,aretheoriginofsomeoftheA.Parametricamplification4mostimportantphysicalprocessesintheUniverse.FromtheB.TheUnruheffect5Lambshift
8、(LambandReth
