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1、CohesionandCoherenceCohesioncanbethoughtofasallthegrammaticalandlexicallinksthatlinkonepartofatexttoanother.Thisincludesuseofsynonyms,lexicalsets,pronouns,verbtenses,timereferences,grammaticalreference,etc.Forexample,'it','neither'and'this'allrefertoanideapreviouslymentione
2、d.'Firstofall','then'and'afterthat'helptosequenceatext.'However','inaddition'and'forinstance'linkideasandargumentsinatext.Coherencecanbethoughtofashowmeaningsandsequencesofideasrelatetoeachother.Typicalexampleswouldbegeneral>particular;statement>example;problem>solution;que
3、stion>answer;claim>counter-claim.Whatdoescohesionmean?Youmightthinkofcohesionasameansofestablishingconnectionswithinatextatallsortsofdifferentlevels,e.g.,section,paragraphs,sentencesandevenphrases.Howiscohesiondifferentfromcoherence?Itisdifficulttoseparatethetwo.However,thi
4、nkofcoherenceasthetextmakingsenseasawholeatanideaslevel,andcohesionasrathermoremechanicallinksatalanguagelevel.Youcanimaginethatitispossibleforapieceofwritingtocontainplentyofcohesionyetlittlecoherence.Cohesionisthegluethatholdsapieceofwritingtogether.Inotherwords,ifapaperi
5、scohesive,itstickstogetherfromsentencetosentenceandfromparagraphtoparagraph.Cohesivedevicescertainlyincludetransitionalwordsandphrases,suchastherefore,furthermore,orforinstance,thatclarifyforreaderstherelationshipsamongideasinapieceofwriting.However,transitionsaren'tenought
6、omakewritingcohesive.Repetitionofkeywordsanduseofreferencewordsarealsoneededforcohesion.CohesionDevicesLexicallevel:RepetitionWordfamilyrepeatedSynonyms,antonyms,otherwordrelationsThematicallyrelatedwords(lexicalset)Substationswithone/onesGrammaticallevel:Reference:article,
7、pronouns,normalizationSubstitutionofclauseelementsusingso,not,do/does/did,etcEllipsisofclauseelementsLinkingwords:conjunctionsandconjunctsComparativesVerbtenseRhetoricaltechniquesQuestionandanswerParallelismCoherenceWhensentences,ideas,anddetailsfittogetherclearly,readersca
8、nfollowalongeasily,andthewritingiscoherent.Theideastietogethersmoothlyandclearly.T
