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1、Astereotypeisacognitivestructurecontainingtheperceiver’sknowledge,beliefs,andexperiencesaboutsomehumansocialgroups.Abeingorientationreferstospontaneousexpressionofthehumanpersonality.Beliefsserveasthestoragesystemforthecontentofourpastexperiences,includingthoughts,memories,andinterp
2、retationsofevents.Culturalpatternsareausefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutvalues,beliefs,andotherorientationscollectively.Contextistheinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.Co-culturesareculturesdiscussinggroupsorsocialcommunitiesexhibit
3、ingcommunicationcharacteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,andpracticesthataresufficientlydifferenttodistinguishthemfromothergroupsandcommunitiesandfromthedominantculture.Communicationisadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattempttosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbol
4、s.Cultureisasetofhuman-madeobjectiveandsubjectiveelementsthatinthepasthaveincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvivalandresultedinsatisfactionfortheparticipantsinanecologicalniche,andthusbecamesharedamongthosewhocouldcommunicatewitheachotherbecausetheyhadacommonlanguageandtheylivedinthesameti
5、meandplace.Culturalidentity:theidentificationofcommunicationsofasharedsystemofsymbolicverbalandnonverbalbehaviorthataremeaningfultogroupmemberswhohaveasenseofbelongingandwhosharetraditions,heritage,language,andsimilarnormsofappropriatebehavior.Culturalidentityisasocialconstruction.C
6、ollectivismisakindofthoughtthatpeopleprimarilyviewthemselvesasmembersofgroupsandcollectivesratherthanasautonomousindividuals.Insuchculturespeopleemphasizecommunity,collaboration,sharedinterest,harmony,tradition,thepublicgood,andmaintainingface.Collectivismmeansgreateremphasisonthevi
7、ews.needs,andgoalsofthein-groupratherthanoneself;socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;beliefssharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishtheselffromin-group;andgreatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.(1)Cultureshockisamentalstatethatcom
8、esfromthetransition
