英美概况Brita

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1、TheBeginningoftheModernWorldFromthe16thtothe20thcenturyRulingHousesRulingPeriodHouseofTudor1485-1603HouseofStuart1603-1649HouseofStuart(restored)1660-1714HouseofHanover1714-1910GrowthofCapitalism1.EconomicDevelopmentintheTudorMonarchy1.)Manorialismreplacedbyamoneyeconomy.GrowthofCapitalism2.)*Enclos

2、ureMovementendof15thcentury,themanufacturewoolenclothinEnglandbecameanimportantsourceofwealthandamajorexport.Theclothindustryincreasedthevalueofwool.Raisingsheepbecamemoreprofitable.Thisencouragedthelandlordstoconvertarablelandintopastures.Latersomeofthenobilityandmerchantsstartedtoenclosetheland.La

3、rgeareasoflandwerefencedwithoutanywarningtopeasants.Peasants---cheaplaborincities2.StrengtheningofCentralizedMonarch(HenryVII)HenryVIIconfinedhisrival---Edward,theEarofWarwickintheTowerHepromisedtopardonthosewhohadstoodonthesideoftheHouseofYorkIn1486HenryVIImarriedElizabethofYork,unitingtherivalHous

4、eofYorkandLancasterInordertoretainhiscrown,hestrengthenedthelawcourts,increasedtheincomeofgovernmentHeestablishedgoodrelationswithSpainandFrance3.HenryVIIIandtheEnglishReformationtheEnglishReformationthreemaincauses:1.)adesireforchangeandreforminthechurchhadbeengrowingformanyyearsandnow,encouragedby

5、thesuccessofMartinLuther,manypeoplebelieveditstimehadcome；2.)theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresented；3.)Henryneededmoney.theimmediatecausewasHenryVIII’sdivorcewithCatherinetheEnglishReformationProcess---Henry’sreformswastogetridoftheEnglishChurch’sconnectionwiththePope,---andtomakeanindependent

6、ChurchofEngland.----HemadethisbreakwithRomegraduallybetween1529and1534.HedissolvedallofEngland’smonasteriesandnunneries.ThelawssuchastheActofSuccessionof1534andtheActofSupremacyof1535(whichestablishedtheKingasSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland)madehisreformpossible.Consequence---EnglishChurchbecameinde

7、pendentofRome.---TheRomanCatholicChurchwasinternational,theChurchofEnglandwasstrictlynational.Otherinfluences1.HenryVIII’sreformstressedthepowerofthemonarchandcertainlystrengthenedHenry’sposition；2.Pa