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1、1、1066-BattleofHastings黑斯廷斯战役TheBattleofHastingswastoshapethefutureofMedieval中世纪英国.However,thebattletookplaceaboutsevenmilesfromHastings.Why,thenwastheBattleofHastingsso-called?In1066,Battlewasanimportantarea.ComparedtootherpartsofSussex,Battlewasweal
2、thy.However,thetitleBattleofBattlewouldnothaveworked,andforconveniencesake,thenearestlargetownwasselected-Hastings.ThebattleitselfwasfoughtbythecurrentBattleAbbey修道院-however,themainthrust推力ofthebattleconcernedHarold's哈罗德positiononSenlacHill,森拉克山丘ashor
3、tdistancefromthecurrentabbey.Inthe11thCentury,thecoastlineofSussexwasdifferenttothatoftoday.ThecoastwasnearertoBattlethanitistodayandtheonlymajorroadthatlinkedHastingstoLondonwentthroughBattle.IfHaroldheldoutatBattle,Williamwouldhavehadgreatdifficulti
4、essustaining支持hiscampaign战役.2、MagnaCarta大宪章TheMagnaCartawassignedinJune1215betweenthebarons男爵andKingJohnatRunnymede兰尼米德nearWindsorCastle.TheMagnaCartawasoneofthemostimportantdocumentsofMedievalEngland.Thedocumentwasaseriesofwrittenpromisesbetweentheki
5、ngandhissubjectsthathewouldgovernEnglandanddealwithitspeopleaccordingtothecustomsoffeudal封建law.MagnaCartawasanattemptbythebaronstostopakingabusinghispowerwiththepeopleofEnglandsuffering.EnglandhadforsomeyearsownedlandinFrance.Thebaronshadprovidedtheki
6、ngwithbothmoneyandmentodefendthisterritory领土.Traditionally,thekinghadalwaysconsultedthebaronsbeforeraisingtaxesanddemandingmoremenformilitaryservice.ThiswasallpartoftheFeudalSystem.Whilekingsweremilitarilysuccessfulabroad,relationsbetweenthekingsandth
7、ebaronsweregood.Johnwasnotsuccessfulinhismilitarycampaignsabroad.Hisconstantdemandsformoremoneyandmenangeredthebarons.By1204,JohnhadlosthislandinnorthernFrance.Inresponsetothis,Johnintroducedhightaxeswithoutaskingthebarons.Thiswasagainstfeudallawandac
8、ceptedcustom.Johnmademistakesinotherareasaswell.HeangeredtheRomanCatholicChurch天主教.Thepope,angeredbyJohn'sbehaviour,bannedallchurchservicesinEnglandin1207.EvenworseforJohnthatthepopeexcommunicated把逐出教会himin1209.Facedwiththis,Johnclimbeddownand
