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1、Figuresofspeechareformsofexpressionthatdepartfromnormalwordorsentenceorderorfromthecommonliteralmeaningsofwords,forthepurposeofachievingaspecialeffect.Ineverydayspeechandwritingandinliteraturethechieffunctionsoffiguresofspeechareprobablytoembellish,toemphasizeortoclarify.Theyareusedtogivetoneorat
2、mospheretodiscourse,toprovidevividexamples,tostimulatethoughtbystartlingthereaderorlistener,togivelifetoinanimateobjects,toamuse,ortoornament.Figuresofspeechexistinalmostendlessvarietyandmanyarecloselyrelatedorintricatelyoverlap,hencenocompletelysatisfactorysystemofclassificationhaseverbeendevise
3、d.Thefollowingmaybeconsideredoneoftheserviceableclassificationsofthepresentday:1.Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship.Thesearethemostimportant,interesting,andfrequentfiguresofspeech.2.Figuresofemphasisorunderstatement.Thechieffunctionoftheseistodrawattentiontoanidea.3.Figuresofsound.4.Verbalgamesan
4、dgymnastics.Someofthesearerareandminorfigures.1.Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship1)Simile:afigurethatinvolvesanexpressedcomparison,almostalwaysintroducedbytheword"like"or"as".Thetwothingscomparedmustbedissimilarandthebasisofresemblanceisusuallyanabstractquality.a)Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisg
5、oodnewsfromafarcounty.(Proverb)b)Thewaterlaygrayandwrinkledlikeanelephant'sskin.(NancyHale)c)Myverythoughtswereliketheghostlyrustleofdeadleaves.(JosephConrad)2)Metaphor:Thesubstitutionofonethingforanother,ortheidentificationoftwothingsfromdifferentrangesofthought.Itisoftenlooselydefinedas“animpli
6、edcomparison”,“asimilewithout‘like’or‘as’”.Metaphorisconsideredbymanythemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigureandalsothecommonestandthemostbeautiful.a)Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremovingjewels.b)Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.c)Snowclothestheground.d)Heswambravelyagainstthetideofp
7、opularapplause.句法、结构上看隐语：名词性、动词性、形容词性、副词性、介词性e.g.1.名词性Iamanalbumofsnapshots,random,awholeshowoftrailers剧照ofoldfilms.(表语)2.动词性shedidnotsomuchcookasassassinatefood.Itescapes/strikes/upsetsme.（物质过程代心理过程）Idon’tthinkI’mdist
