International trade国际贸易

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Internationaltrade国际贸易istheexchangeofgoodsorservicesbetweenmanycountriesImport进口isthepurchaseofagoodorservicemadeoverseasExport出口isthesaleofagoodorservicemadeathomeAbsoluteadvantage绝对优势Eachcountrywillbenefitfromspecializationinthosecommoditiesinwhichithasanabsoluteadvantage,(i.e.,beingabletoproduceatalowerrealcostthananothercountry),exportingthemandimportingothercommoditieswhichitproducesatahigherrealcostthananothercountryComparativeadvantageTradewillbenefitbothnationsprovidedonlythattheirrelativecosts,thatis,theratiosoftheirrealcostsmeasuredbylabor-houroranothercommodity,aredifferentfortwoormorecommodities.Inshort,tradedependsondifferencesincomparativecostoropportunitycost,andonenationcanprofitablytradewithanothereventhoughitsrealcostsarehigherorlowerineverycommodity.BenefitsofInternationalTradeWidermarketwiththeincreasingnumberoftradingpartnersGrowthofeconomyCheapergoodsGreatvarietywithgoodscomingfrommorecountriesReasonsfortraderestrictionsPurepoliticalreasonsThereisaninfantindustryargumentwhichmaintainsthatanewindustryneedstobeprotecteduntilthelaborforceistrained,theproductiontechniquesaremasteredandtheoperationbecomeslargeenoughtoenjoytheeconomiesofscaleandtobeabletocompeteinthemarket.Manycountrieswantadiversifiedeconomytobelessdependentonforeigncountriesbotheconomicallyandpolitically.Inaddition,itiscrucialforcountriestoprotecttheirvitalindustries,whicharestrategicallyrelatedtostabilityandeconomicdevelopment.Domesticjobsneedtobeprotectedfromcheapforeignlabor.Imposingrestrictionsonimportisaimingtomaintainabalanceoftradeandbalanceofpayments.Protectionisneededwhenforeignfirmsreceivesubsidiesandgovernmentbenefitsandsellgoodsabroadatbelow-costpricetocaptureamarket.Tariffisadutyorfeeleviedongoodsbeingimportedintoacountry.Anti-dumpingdutyiscollectedwhenimportingcountrybelievesthatthereisadumping(onecountrysellsthegoodsinanothercountryatalowerprice,whichisbelowdomesticsellingprice,worldmarketprice,orproductioncost.)Foreignexchangecontrolmeansvariousformsofrestrictionimposedbyagovernmentonthepurchaseofforeigncurrenciesbyresidentsandthepurchaseoflocalcurrencybynonresidents. Greentradebarriersalsoknownasenvironmentbarrier,isasetofrules,policiesandregulationsusedtorestrictandevenbancertainexport-and-importtradedirectlyinordertoprotecttheecologicalenvironment,naturalresourcesandkeephealthyofhumanbeing,animalsandvegetation.Technicalbarrierstotradearesomecompulsorytechnicalmeasuresthatacountryorareligiousorganizationadoptsforthepurposesofkeepingthesecurityofacountryoraregion,safeguardinghumansecurityandhealth,protectingthelifeandhealthofanimalsandplants,protectingenvironment,preventingcheatingbehaviors,guaranteeingproductqualityandsoon.Internationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms(Incorterms)aimstoprovidesuchasetofstandardizedtermswhichmeanexactlythesametobothpartiestoacontractandwhichwillbeinterpretedinexactlythesamewaybycourtsineverycountry.EXW工厂交货价FCA货运承交人FAS起运港船边交货FOB装运港船上交货（离岸价）CFR成本加运费CIF到岸价（成本加运保费）CPT运费付至CIP运费加保费付至DAF目的地边境交货DES目的地港上交货DEQ目的地码头交货DDU未完税交货DDP完税交货1)ExWorks…namedplace(EXW)工厂交货价当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点（如工厂、工场或仓库）将货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货，买房不办理出口清关手续或将货物装上任何运输工具。【EX指的是pointoforigin，原产地交货】卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物在指定的地点交货给予买方一切协助以帮助其取得出口单据提货并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地办理出口手续①Thistermmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenhehasmadethegoodsavailableathispremises(i.e.,works,factory,warehouse,etc)tothebuyer②Thesellerisresponsibleforclearingthegoodsforexportand/orloadingthegoodsonthevehicleprovidebythebuyerorforclearingthegoodsforexport,unlessotherwiseagreed.③Thebuyerbearsallcostsandrisksinvolvedintakingthegoodsfromtheseller’spremisestothedesireddestination.④Thistermthusrepresentstheminimumobligationfortheseller.⑤Thistermshouldnotbeusedwhenthebuyercannotcarryoutdirectlyorindirectlytheexportformalities. 1)FreeCarrier…namedplace(FCA)货运承交人指卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给买方指定的承运人，并办理了出口清关手续，即完成交货。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物在指定的地点交货办理货物出口手续并向买方提供取货的凭证提货并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地办理进口手续①Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoods,clearedforexporttothecarriernominatedbythebuyeratthenamedplace.②Thistermmaybeusedforanymodeoftransport,includingmultimodaltransport.③Ifthebuyernominatesapersonotherthanacarriertoreceivethegoods,thesellerisdeemedtohavefulfilledhisobligationtodeliverthegoodswhentheyaredeliveredtothatperson.*④【whatiscarrier】Carriermeansanypersonwho,inacontractofcarriage,undertakestoperformortoprocuretheperformanceofcarriagebyrail,road,sea,air,inlandwaterway,orbyacombinationofsuchmodes.承运人指人和人，在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。如果还使用接运的承运人将货物运至约定目的地，则风险自货物交给第一承运人时转移。2)FreeAlongsideShip…namedportofshipment(FAS)起运港船边交货指卖方在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物交到买方所指派的船边办理货物出口手续并向买方提供取货的凭证办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用船边提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地①Thistermmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenplacedalongsidethevesselatthenamedportofshipment..②Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.③Thistermshouldnotbeusedwhenthebuyercannotcarryoutdirectlyorindirectlytheexportformalities.④Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.3)FreeOnBoard…namedportofshipment(FOB)离岸价指卖方在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内将货物装上买方指定的船只，即刻起，风险由卖方转移至买方。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物交到买方所指派的船只上向买方提供取货的凭证办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用到指定港口提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地①Thistermmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenpassedovertheshipsrailatthenamedportofshipment..②Thesellerandthebuyercannegotiatethedivisionpointofresponsibilitiesandcosts. FOBUnderTackle(FOB吊钩下交货):Thesellerfulfilshisobligationofdeliveryoncethegoodsareplacedbesidethecarryingvesselwithinthereachofthevessel’scrane.FOBLinerTerms(FOB班轮条件):Theshipwillberesponsibleforloading.FOBStowed(FOB理舱费在内):Thesellerisresponsibleforloadingthegoodsonboardthevesselandpackingthegoodscarefullyandcloselyinthevessel’shold.FOBTrimmed(FOB平舱费在内):Besidesloadingthegoodsonboardthevessel,thesellershouldalsotrimthegoodstomakethevesselevenlybalanced.FOBFreeIn(船方不负责装货费用):Thisisacombinationofasalestermandatransportterm.FreeInmeansthecarryingvesselisnotresponsibleforloadingthegoods.③Whentheship’srailservesnopracticalpurpose,suchasinthecaseofroll-on/roll-offorcontainertraffic,theFCAtermismoreappropriatetouse.④Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.1)CostAndFreight…namedportofdestination(CFR)成本加运费指在装运船上交货，卖方需支付将货物运至指定目的地港所需的费用。但货物的风险是在装运港船上交货时转移。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物签订运输合同并支付至目的港的运费将货物交到买方所指派的船只上向买方提供运输单据，不得拖延办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用到指定目的港口从承运人手中提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地①Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodpasstheship’srailintheportofshipment.②Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.③Whentheship’srailservesnopracticalpurpose,suchasinthecaseofroll-on/roll-offorcontainertraffic,theCPTtermismoreappropriatetouse.④Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.2)Cost,InsuranceAndFreight…namedportofdestination(CIF)到岸价指在装运船上交货，卖方需支付将货物运至指定目的地港所需的费用，并为买方办理货运保险，支付保险费。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物签订运输合同并支付至目的港的运费将货物交到买方所指派的船只上向买方提供运输单据和保险合同，不得拖延办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用卖方必须自付费用取得货物保险与卖方就货物保险达成一致到指定目的港口从承运人手中提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地①ThistermmeansthatthesellerhasthesameobligationsasunderCFRbutwiththeadditionthathehastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofrodamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.Thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.②ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIFtermthesellerisonlyrequiredtoobtain insuranceontheminimumcover.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatcover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeassuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.如买卖双方未约定具体险别，则卖方只需取得最低限底的保险险别，如买方要求更高的保险险别，则需要与卖方明确地达成协议，或者自行做出额外的保险安排。③Whentheship’srailservesnopracticalpurpose,suchasinthecaseofroll-on/roll-offorcontainertraffic,theCIPtermismoreappropriatetouse.④Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.⑤Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.1)CarriagePaidTo…namedplaceofdestination(CPT)运费付至指在卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付将货物运至目的地的运费。即卖方承担交货之后一切风险和其他费用。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物签订运输合同并支付至目的港的运费将货物交给承运人向买方提供运输单据和保险合同，不得拖延办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用到指定目的港口从承运人手中提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地①Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarriernominatedbyhimbuthemustinadditionpaythefreightforthecarriageofthegoodstothenameddestination.②Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.③Thistermmaybeusedforanymodeoftransportincludingmultimodaltransport.2)CarriageAndInsurancePaidTo…namedplaceofdestination(CIP)运费加保费付至指在卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付将货物运至目的地的运费,并办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的保险。即卖方承担卖方交货之后的一切风险和额外费用。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物签订运输合同并支付至目的港的运费将货物交给承运人向买方提供运输单据和保险合同，不得拖延办理出口手续，承担出口清关费用向买方提供运输单据和保险合同与卖方就货物保险达成一致到指定目的港口从承运人手中提货办理进口手续并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地①ThistermmeansthatthesellerdelivershasthesameobligationsasunderCPTbutwiththeadditionthatthesellerhastoprocurecargoinsuranceagainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.②Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.③Thistermmaybeusedforanymodeoftransportincludingmultimodaltransport.3)DeliveredAtFrontier…namedplace(DAF)目的地边境交货指当卖方在边境的指定地点和具体交货点，在毗邻国家海关边界前，将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置，办妥货物出清关手续但尚未办理进口清关手续时，即完成交货。该术语可用于陆地边界交货的各种运输方式，当在目的港船上或码头交货时，应该使用DES术语或者是DEQ术语。 卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物在指定的交货地点将未卸下的货物交由买方处置将货物交给承运人向买方提供运输单据办理出口手续并承担一切出口费用，包括过境费向买方提供运输单据和保险合同到指定目的地提取未卸下的货物办理进口手续以及后续费用并将合同的货物运输到最终目的地①Thistermmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenmadeavailable,clearedforexport,atthenamedpointandplaceatthefrontier,butbeforetheCustomsborderoftheadjoiningcountry.②Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.③Thistermmaybeusedforanymodeoftransport.1)DeliveredExShip…namedportofdestination(DES)目的地港上交货指当卖方将货物运至指定的目的港，并在船上交易，即交易完成。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物送至目的港向买方提供运输单据办理出口手续并承担一切出口费用，包括过境费到指定目的港提取未卸下的货物办理进口手续以及后续费用并将合同的货物从卸货港运输到最终目的地①Thistermmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenmadeavailabletothebuyeronboardtheship(beforedischarging)unclearedforimportatthenamedportofdestination..②Thesellerhastobearallthecostsandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedportofdestination.卖方承担在目的港船上将货交由买方处置以前的一切费用和风险。③Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwayormultimodaltransportonavesselintheportofdestination.与CIF区别：CIF是装运港船上交货，DES是目的港船上交货。④Thistermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.2)DeliveredExQuay(DutyPaid)…namedportofdestination(DEQ)目的地码头交货指卖方在指定的目的港码头将货物交给卖方处置，不办理进口清关手续，即完成交货。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物送至指定目的港码头向买方提供运输单据办理出口手续到指定目的港码头提取货物办理进口手续以及后续费用并将合同的货物从卸货港运输到最终目的地①Thistermmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenhehasmadethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronthequayshipatthenamedportofdestination,butnotclearedforimport.②Thistermcanonlybeusedforseaorinlandwaterwayormultimodaltransportonavesselintheportofdestination.③Thistermrequiresthebuyertoclearthegoodsforexportandtopayforallformalities, duties,taxes,andotherchargesuponimport.要求买方办理进口清关手续并在进口时支付一切办理海关手续的费用、关税、税款和其他费用。1)DeliveredDutyUnpaid…namedplaceofdestination(DDU)未完税交货指由卖方将货物直接运至进口国国内指定地点，而且需承担货物运至指定地点的一切费用和风险（不包括关税、捐税及进口时应支付的其他官方费用）。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物送至指定目的地，不卸货向买方提供运输单据办理出口手续到最终目的地提取未卸下的货物办理进口手续①Thistermmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenmadeavailableatthenamedplaceinthecountryofimport.②Thistermmaybeusedirrespectiveofthemodeoftransport.2)DeliveredDutyPaid…namedplaceofdestination(DDP)完税交货指由卖方在置顶的目的地，办理完进口清关手续，将在交货运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交予买方，完成交货。卖方必须承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用，包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地应缴纳的任何税费。卖方义务买方义务提供符合合同规定的货物将货物送至指定目的地，不卸货办理出口和进口手续到最终目的地提取未卸下的货物①Thistermmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavebeenmadeavailableatthenamedplaceinthecountryofimportation.②Thistermrepresentsthemaximumobligation.③DDPshouldnotbeusedifthesellerisunabledirectlyorindirectlytoobtaintheimportlicense.若卖方不能直接或间接地取得进口许可证，则不应使用DDP。④Thistermmaybeusedirrespectiveofthemodeoftransport.