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1、LanguagePolicyandEducationinCanadaVolume1:LanguagePolicyandPoliticalIssuesinEducationBarbaraBurnabyMemorialUniversityofNewfoundlandIntroductionThissketchofCanadianlanguagelegislationandpoliciestouchesonbackgroundinformation,FrenchandEnglishasofficiallanguages,officialandminoritylanguagepoliciesfor
2、immigrants,andpoliciesonAboriginallanguages.Canada,alargecountrywitharelativelysmallpopulation(30million),hasaparliamentarydemocracy.Createdlegallyin1867,itnowhastenprovincesandthreeterritories.Constitutionally,thefederalgovernmenthasjurisdictionoverAboriginalmattersandtheterritories,theprovinceso
3、vereducation;responsibilityforimmigrationisshared.Inabout1500,AboriginalpeoplelivedacrosswhatisnowCanada,speakingabout450languagesanddialectsfrom11languagefamilies.Immigration,startingwithcolonizationbyBritainandFrance,hassinceincreasedthepopulationandchangeditsethnic/racialmixture.Althoughimmigra
4、tionfromnorthernandwesternEuropepredominatedearlier,theproportionofimmigrantsfromothercontinentshasincreased,particularlysincethe1960s.In2001,59%ofthepopulationreportedEnglishasmothertongue,23%French,lessthan1%Aboriginallanguages,and17%otherlanguages(StatisticsCanada,97F0007XCB2001001).1FrenchandE
5、nglishasOfficialLanguagesStrugglesfirstbetweenFranceandBritain,thenFrancophonesandAnglophonesdominateCanada’srecordedhistory.Inthe19thcentury,Canadianlegalrightsforthe‘English’and‘French’populationsfocussedonreligionratherthanlanguage(NeatbyinCommissionerofOfficialLanguages,1992,pp.v-ix).Legislati
6、onspecificallyonlanguagewasrare.However,intheearly20thcentury,increasedsecularism,industrialization,nationalattentiononCanada’sroleintheBritishEmpire,andmassiveimmigrationencouragedamovementto‘Anglo-conformity’,especiallythroughlegislateduseofEnglishasthelanguageinschoolsinmostprovinces.Francophon
7、esinQuebecwereisolatedinaFrench-language,church-runschoolsystemandinthesocialandpoliticaluseofFrenchinsomeareasofQuebec.OnlysuperficiallydidthefederalgovernmentrecognizetheconstitutionallyequalstatusofFrenchwithE
