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1、ThenewenglandjournalofmedicineanniversaryarticleTwoHundredYearsofCancerResearchVincentT.DeVita,Jr.,M.D.,andStevenA.Rosenberg,M.D.,Ph.D.nthe200yearssincetheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinewasfounded,FromtheYaleComprehensiveCancercancerhasgonefromablackboxtoablueprint.Duringthe
2、firstcenturyoftheCenterandSmilowCancerHospitalatIYale–NewHaven,YaleUniversitySchoolJournal’spublication,medicalpractitionerscouldobservetumors,weighthem,ofMedicine,andYaleUniversitySchoolandmeasurethembuthadfewtoolstoexaminetheworkingswithinthecancerofPublicHealth—allinN
3、ewHaven,CTcell.Afewastuteobserverswereaheadoftheirtime,includingRudolfVirchow,who(V.T.D.);theNationalCancerInstitute,NationalInstitutesofHealth,andthewiththebenefitofamicroscopededucedthecellularoriginofcancerin1863,1andUniformedServicesUniversityoftheStephenPaget,whoin1
4、889wiselymusedabouttheseed-and-soilhypothesisofHealthSciencesSchoolofMedicine—metastaticdisease,2atheorythatiscomingintoitsowntoday(Table1).OtherkeyallinBethesda,MD(S.A.R.);andGeorgeWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedi-advanceswerethediscoveryofaviralcauseofaviancancerbyPeyt
5、onRousin19113cine,Washington,DC(S.A.R.).AddressandtheproposalbyTheodorBoveriin1914thatcancercanbetriggeredbychro-reprintrequeststoDr.DeVitaatthemosomalmutations.4YaleComprehensiveCancerCenterandSmilowCancerHospitalatYale–NewButthelidoftheblackboxwasnotseriouslypriedopenu
6、ntil1944,whenaHaven,333CedarSt.,POBox208028,retiredscientistatRockefellerUniversity,OswaldAvery,reportedtheresultsofhisNewHaven,CT06520-8028,oratvincentbeautifullyclearexperimentswiththepneumococcalbacillus,whichshowedthat.devita@yale.edu.cellularinformationwastransmitte
7、dnotbyproteinsbutbyDNA.5HisworkledThisarticle(10.1056/NEJMra1204479)wasdirectlytotheimportantdiscoveryofthestructureofDNAbyWatsonandCrickinpublishedonMay30,2012,atNEJM.org.1953.6Eightyearslater,thegeneticcodewasbrokenbyNirenbergandcolleagues,7NEnglJMed2012;366:2207-14.an
8、dthecentraldogmaofbiologywasestablished;thatinformationwastransmittedCopyright©2012MassachusettsMedical
