[神经生物学_课件_北大]_2_1神经元和神经胶质细胞-神经元

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1、CellularNeurobiologyCellularNeurobiologyAlbertCheung-HoiYU于常海北京大學神經科學研究所NeuroscienceResearchInstitutePekingUniversityDepartmentofNeurobiologyPekingUniversityHealthScienceCenterachy@bjmu.edu.cnOneoftheCajal’sOneoftheCajal’smanydrawingsofmanydrawingsofBraincircuityBraincircuityThelett

2、erslabelthedifferentelementsCajalidentifiedinanareaofthehumancerebralcortexthatcontrolsvoluntarymovement.CellularComponentsCellularComponents•Neurons:Excitablecells–“wiring”“SignalSenders”•Neuroglia:Support,Nurturing,InsulationNerveCellsNerveCellsNeuronsNeurogliaStructureofNeuronsSt

3、ructureofNeurons•Cellbody(soma;perikaryon)•Axon:onlyone(branchesarecollaterals;terminalsareendfeet)•Dendrites:muchshorter;oneormorethanone;branchextensivelyintodendritictrees(Axonalendfeet)AxonHillockTheAxonTheAxonandAxonandAxonCollateralsCollateralsNeuronsNeuronsStructure&FunctionS

4、tructure&Function•CellBody(Soma):LifeSupport–ProteinSynthesis–SingleNucleus,RER(NisslBodies)•Axon:Longestprocesstransmitsmessagesawayfromcellbody•Dendrites:Multipleprocessesoffcellbody–receivemessagesWhatareinsideofaneuron?Whatareinsideofaneuron?Neuronsaresimilartoothercellsinthebod

5、yinsomewayssuchas:1.Neuronsaresurroundedbyamembrane.2.Neuronshaveanucleusthatcontainsgenes.3.Neuronscontain:NucleusEndoplasmicReticulum(ER)NucleolusMitochondriaGolgiApparatusMicrofilaments/NeurotubulesNisslBodiesOthersAxonandDendritesAxonandDendrites•Dendrites:–dendritetree•Axon:–ax

6、onhillock(axonorigination)–axonaltransportsystem–initialsegment(firstmyelinsheath)•actionpotentialgeneration–myelinsheathDifferencesbetweenAxonsandDendritesAxonsDendritesTakeinformationawayTakeinformationtothecellfromthecellbodybodyRoughsurface(dendriticSmoothsurfacespines)Generally

7、only1axonperUsuallymanydendritespercellcellNoribosomeHaveribosomesCanhavemyelinNomyelininsulationBranchfurtherfromtheBranchnearthecellbodycellbodyNeuronClassificationbyShapeNeuronClassificationbyShape•Multipolar:“multi-”manyprocesses–Majority:Singleaxon,manydendrites(motorneuronandi

8、nterneuron)•Bipolar