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1、TradeUnion(BritishEnglish)LaborUnion(AmericanEnglish)wages,workrules,complaintprocedures,rulesgoverninghiring,firingandpromotionofworkers,benefits,workplacesafetyandpolicies.SidneyWebb；BeatriceWebbHistoryofTradeUnionismAnorganizationofworkerswhohaveban
2、dedtogethertoachievecommongoalssuchasbetterworkingconditions.Tradeunionsaretheprincipalinstitutionofworkersinmoderncapitalisticsocieties.Thesocialeffectsofunionismhavebeendebatedforover200yearssincethedaysofAdamSmith.Aportraitofunionism(Monopoliesinthe
3、labormarket)TradeUnionAdverseeffectsBeneficialeconomicandpoliticaleffects1ThelossofemploymentintheorganizedSectorduetounionwageeffects2Consequentcrowdingofthenonunionsectorwithdisplacedworkers3Inflexibleoperationsandworkdisruptions4Sociallyunrespon
4、sive,elitist,non-democraticandcrime-riddled1Collectivebargainingcaninducebettermanagementandhigherproductivity2Toincreasethedevelopmentandretentionofskills3Toprovideinformationandimprovemorale4Moreefficient5AvoiceinthepoliticalarenaInGermanytherel
5、ationbetweenindividualemployeesandemployersisconsideredtobeasymmetrical（不均匀的,不对称的）.Inconsequence,manyworkingconditionsarenotnegotiable（可通过谈判解决的）duetoastronglegalprotectionofindividuals.However,theGermanflavororworkslegislation（立法,法律的制定(或通过)）hasitsmaino
6、bjectivetocreateabalanceofpowerbetweenemployeesorganizedinunionsandemployersorganizedinemployersassociations.Thisallowsmuchwiderlegalboundariesforcollectivebargaining,comparedtothenarrowboundariesforindividualnegotiations.InGermanyonlyveryfewprofession
7、alassociationsobtainedtherighttonegotiatesalariesandworkingconditionsfortheirmembers,notablythemedicaldoctorsassociationMarburgerBundandthepilotsassociationVereinigungCockpit.individualn.个人,个体adj.个别的,单独的,个人的employeen.职工,雇员,店员employern.雇主,老板legaladj.法律的
8、,法定的,合法flavorn.情味,风味,滋味,香料vt.加味于employeesassociation雇员协会employersassociations雇主协会boundaryn.边界,分界线negotiationn.商议,谈判,流通AFL-CIOAmericanFederationofLaborandCongressofIndustrialOrganizationsAFLabbr.AmericanFederationofLabor,美国劳工联合会CIOabbr.C
