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1、英国文学选读教学课件Unit2AdventureFictionWritersDanielDefoe(1660-1731)JonathanSwift(1667-1745)DanielDefoe(1660-1731)DanielDefoe,thesonofabutcher,wasborninLondon.Hereceivedagoodeducationinoneofthebestdissentingacademies.Insteadofbecomingaclergyman,hebecameahosier(袜商)andtraveledinSpain,
2、Italy,FranceandGermany.Hewasamerchantandwasonceratherwealthy.Hewasalwaysinterestedinpolitics.Duringthe“GloriousRevolution”,hewasaloyalsupporterandtookgreatinterestinestablishingthenewgovernment.However,whetherbecauseofhisadventurousspeculation(投机)inbusinessoronaccountofthedi
3、sastrouslossesinshippingresultedfromEngland’swarswithFrance,Defoewasforcedintobankruptcyin1692.Inhisseventyyearsoflife,Defoepassedthroughallextremesoflife:frompovertytowealth,fromprosperitytoobscurity,fromNewgatePrisontoimmensepopularityandroyalfavor.Allthisisobscureenoughin
4、detail,buttwofactsstandoutclearlyandareworthmentioning.First,Defoewasajack-of-all-trades(多面手)—amerchant,soldier,economist,journalist,pamphleteer(活页文章作者),publicist(宣传家)andnovelist.Hewasfamousforhisversatilityandwasatleastgoodatjournalismandnovel-writing.InEnglishliterature,he
5、wasoftengiventhecreditforthediscoveryofthemodernnovel.ButDefoethenovelistcameoutofDefoethejournalist;heonceconductedseveralpapers,themostpopularoneofwhichwasTheReview.Asajournalist,hehadareporter’seyeforthepicturesqueandanewspaperman’sinstinctformakingagoodstorywithsimple,sm
6、oothandcolloquialEnglish.Thispartiallyaccountsforthegreatpopularityofhisworks.AnotherfactaboutDefoeisthatheknewaboutprisonlife.In1702,whenproposalsforincreasingdiscriminationagainstdissenters(持异议者)wereintroduced,Defoepublishedananonymouspamphlet,“TheShortestWaywiththeDissent
7、ers”,advocatingthemostextrememeasurestoeradicate(根除)thedissenters.ThisoffendedboththeWhigs(辉格党)andtheTories(托利党).Hewastried,foundguiltyofseditious(煽动叛乱的)libel(诽谤),finedandsentencedtostandthreedaysinthepillory(颈手扣，枷锁)inthreedifferentpartsofLondon.Hardlyhadthesentencebeenannou
8、ncedwhenDefoewrotehis“Hymn(赞美诗)tothePillory”—asetofdoggerel(打油诗)versesridic
