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-0分类号（UDC生密级态翻学号1105020023译学视角下《荒人手记》英硕士学位论文译本的解读——以葛浩文生态翻译学视角下《荒人手记》英译本的解读---以葛浩文的英译本为例的英译本为例）徐娜徐娜西学科门类：文学安理学科名称：外国语言学及应用语言学工大指导教师：李庆明教授学申请日期：2014年3月 2 InterpretationoftheTranslationofNotesofADesolateManfromthePerspectiveofEco-Translatology---ACaseStudyofHowardGoldblatt’sEnglishVersionbyXuNaUndertheSupervisionofProfessorLiQingmingAThesisSubmittedtotheGraduateSchoolofXi’anUniversityofTechnologyinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofMasterofArtsXi’an,China2014 4 摘要论文题目：生态翻译学视角下《荒人手记》英译本的解读---以葛浩文的英译本为例学科名称：外国语言学及应用语言学研究生：徐娜签名：指导教师：李庆明教授签名：摘要随着科学家对生物体与其周围环境（包括非生物环境和生物环境）相互关系的研究，一些学者们也开始从生态学的视角来认识、理解和研究翻译。2001年胡庚申教授借用达尔文“自然选择”的基本原理探讨翻译活动的哲学理据和可行性，提出了建立“翻译适应选择论”的初步构想。在这一基础的发展之上，形成了一种全新的翻译理论——生态翻译学。该研究理论以译者为中心，以“适应与选择”为指导，基本要素包括：翻译实质、过程、原则、方法及译评标准等。翻译适应选择论认为，翻译的实质就是“译者适应翻译生态环境的选择活动”。本文以胡庚申教授的生态翻译学理论为基础，结合葛浩文的英译本《荒人手记》进行实例研究,证实该理论的可行性。全文共分为六个章节。第一章是引言，介绍了本文的研究背景与研究意义以及论文的总体框架结构。第二章为文献综述，对先前国内外有关生态翻译学理论的研究进行了梳理，对作者朱天文及其小说《荒人手记》进行了概述，并对葛浩文的英译本作品《荒人手记》的研究现状进行综述。第三章为理论框架部分，对生态翻译学理论进行了详细阐述，重点解析其核心概念包括翻译生态环境、翻译选择适应论、译者中心等。第四章和第五章是全文的主体部分，首先从内部和外部两方面讨论了葛浩文对生态翻译环境的适应与选择，然后从语言、文化、交际三维的翻译方法对英译本《荒人手记》进行了深入细致的分析。最后一章为结论部分，在此作者指出了本论文的研究发现以及研究的局限性。关键词：适应与选择；生态翻译环境；三维转换；《荒人手记》；葛浩文译本i ii AbstractTitle:INTERPRETATIONOFTHETRANSLATIONOFNOTESOFADESOLATEMANFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFECO-TRANSLATOLOGY---ACASESTUDYOFHOWARDGOLDBLATT’SENGLISHVERSIONMajor:ForeignLinguisticsandAppliedLinguisticsName:XuNaSignature:Supervisor:Prof.QingmingLISignature:AbstractAsscientistsstudiedtherelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirsurroundings(bothabioticandbiological),linguisticscholarshavealreadystartedtounderstandandresearchtranslationfromtheperspectiveofecology.In2001,ProfessorHuGengshen,whobasedonDarwin's"naturalselection"toresearchphilosophicalrationalityandfeasibilityoftranslationactivities,proposedafundamentaltheory"AnApproachtoTranslationasAdaptationandSelection",andthusestablishedanewtranslationtheory:Eco-translatology.Thetheorytakes“translator-centeredness”asaguide,and"adaptationandselection"asitscodeidea,andtheotherbasicelementsinclude:principles,essence,methodsandevaluationcriteriaoftranslation.TranslationissimplydefinedbyProfessorHu’sasselectionactivitiesofthetranslator’sadaptationtofithisorhertranslationaleco-environment.Inthisthesis,theauthortakesHu'seco-translatologyasatheoreticalsupportandNotesofaDesolateMananditsEnglishversionasanexampletointerpretandverifythefeasibilityandinterpretationpowerofthetranslatingprocessofeco-translatology.Thewholethesiscanbedividedintosixchapters.Thefirstchapterintroducesthebackground,significanceandlayoutofthethesis.Literaturereviewisthesecondchapter,inwhichtheecologicaltranslationtheoryanditsstudiesathomeandabroadarebrieflyintroduced,togetherwithanintroductionofthewriterChuTienwenandherworkNotesofaDesolateManandrelatedstudiesonGoldblatt.Thethirdchapteristhetheoreticalframework,elaboratingontheoreticalresearchfoundationtheory—eco-translatology,focusingonthecoreconcepts,includingeco-environment,iii 西安理工大学硕士学位论文translationasadaptationandselectiontheory,translator-centeredness.ChaptersFourandFivearethemainpartofthisthesis,inwhichtheauthordiscussesHowardGoldblatt’sadaptationandselectioninhistranslationandanalyzestheEnglishtranslationNotesofaDesolateManfromthelinguistic,culturalandcommunicativedimensions.Thelastchapteristheconclusion,inwhichtheauthorpresentsthemajorfindings,pointsoutthelimitationsandgivessomesuggestions.KeyWords:adaptationandselection;translationaleco-environment;three-dimensionaltransformations;NotesofaDesolateMan;Goldblatt’sEnglishversioniv ContentsContents摘要............................................................................................................................................iAbstract........................................................................................................................................iiiChapterOneIntroduction..............................................................................................................11.1BackgroundoftheResearch...............................................................................................11.2PurposeandSignificanceoftheResearch...........................................................................21.3OrganizationoftheThesis...................................................................................................2ChapterTwoLiteratureReview....................................................................................................52.1RelatedStudiesonEco-translatologyinWesternCountriesandChina..............................52.1.1AReviewofEco-translatologyStudiesinWesternCountries......................................52.1.2AReviewofEco-translatologyStudiesinChina..........................................................62.2IntroductiontoChuTienwenandHerNotesofaDesolateMan........................................72.3RelatedStudiesonHowardGoldblattandHisEnglishVersionofNotesofaDesolateMan............................................................................................................................................9ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework.......................................................................................133.1DefinitionofEco-translatology.........................................................................................133.2CoreConceptsofEco-translatology..................................................................................143.2.1Translator-centeredness...............................................................................................143.2.2AdaptationandSelection.............................................................................................153.2.3TranslationalEco-environment...................................................................................163.3TheProcessofTranslating:AdaptationandSelection......................................................173.4TranslationPrinciple:Multi-dimensionalSelectiveAdaptionandAdaptiveSelection.....193.5TranslationMethod:Three-dimensionalTransformations................................................203.6EvaluationCriteria:DegreeofTranslator’sQuality,Multi-dimensionalTransformationsandReader’sFeedback............................................................................................................21ChapterFourHowardGoldblatt’sSelectiveAdaptationtoHisTranslationalEco-environment.....................................................................................................................................................234.1SelectiveAdaptationtotheExternalTranslationalEco-environment...............................234.1.1SocialBackground......................................................................................................234.1.2CulturalBackground...................................................................................................244.2SelectiveAdaptationtoTranslator’sInternalEco-environment........................................264.2.1Needs...........................................................................................................................264.2.2Competence.................................................................................................................27ChapterFiveHowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan..............................................................................................................................................315.1AdaptiveSelectioninLinguisticDimension.....................................................................315.1.1IntheLexicalLevel.....................................................................................................325.1.2IntheSyntacticlevel...................................................................................................34i 西安理工大学硕士学位论文5.1.3IntheSemanticsLevel..............................................................................................365.1.4IntheStylisticsLevel................................................................................................385.2AdaptiveSelectioninCulturalDimension........................................................................415.2.1ThePoetry...................................................................................................................425.2.2TheIdioms..................................................................................................................445.2.3TheReligiousTerms...................................................................................................455.3AdaptiveSelectioninCommunicativeDimension............................................................465.3.1HigherLevelofAdaptationandSelection..................................................................465.3.2LowerLevelofAdaptationandSelection...................................................................47ChapterSixConclusion..............................................................................................................496.1MajorFindings..................................................................................................................496.2Limitations.........................................................................................................................50Bibliography................................................................................................................................51Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................55Achievements..............................................................................................................................57ii IntroductionChapterOneIntroduction1.1BackgroundoftheResearchChuT’ienwenisoneofTaiwan'smostprominentfemalewriters.ShealsoisafamousscreenwritercollaboratingwiththeprominentdirectorHouHsiao-hsien.ChuT’ienwenhaspublished15novels.HerChinesenovelHuangrenshoujireleasedin1994,andHowardGoldblattandhiswifeSylviaLi-chunLintranslateitintoEnglishafter5years.ThisbookwaspublishedinbothTaiwanandabroad.ItsEnglishrenditionNotesofaDesolateManisahomosexuality-relatedwork.Foralongtime,undertheexclusionofmainstreamsystemofheterosexuality,gayisobscured,alienatedandembarrassed.Thistypeofthemeisrarelyinvolvedtoresearchbyscholars.What’smore,HowardGoldblatthasbeenmentionedinaninterview,NotesofaDesolateManisthemostdifficultnoveltotranslate.NotesofaDesolateManisTaiwanwriterChuTienwen'swork,whichwontheLiteraryPrizeofChinaTaiwanin1994,andlaterreceivedasaChinaTimes'AnnualTopTenBook(“BookReview”Edition)Award.In1999,theEnglishversionwaspublishedbyColumbiaUniversityPress,NewYork,whichnotonlywonthe2000annualNationalTranslationAwardreceivedfromAmericanTranslatorsAssociation,butalsowonthe1999NewYorkTimesBestBooksoftheYearAwardandLosAngelesTimesBestBooksoftheYearAward.Sofar,therehavebeenfewresearchesonthisEnglishversion.Hence,NotesofaDesolateManiswellworthresearching.WhenitcomestotheanalysisofChinesenovels,moreattentionispaidtothetranslator,thebookitselfandthetranslationresearchasawhole.Theincreasinginterestintranslationstudieshasheightenedtheneedforstudyingtranslationininterdisciplinaryperspective.Sofar,manyscholarsandtranslatorshavebeeninclinedtousetheresearchachievementsgotfromotherdisciplinesforreference.Thatistosay,theyexaminethetranslationstudiesfromaninterdisciplinaryperspective.Actually,environmentalismresearchhasprogressedindifferentregions,differentareas,includingscience,geography,socialsciencesevenpermeatedintothehumanities.Moreandmorescholarsaretryingtoturntheattentionfromlinguisticsandculturetoecology.ProfessorHuGengshenfirstproposedtheconceptofeco-translatologyin2001,broadeningthevisionofinterdisciplinarystudiesontranslation.Alongwithanapproachtotranslationasadaptationandselectionasthefundamentaltheory,eco-transaltologyhasnowbecomeaninterdisciplinaryresearch,studyingtranslationfromtheperspectiveofecology.1 西安理工大学硕士学位论文1.2PurposeandSignificanceoftheResearchThisthesismakesananalysisoftheEnglishversionoftheNotesofaDesolateMantranslatedbyHowardGoldblattandhiswifeSylviaLinin1999,whichwonseveralprizes,includingChinaTimesNovelPrizeandNationalTranslationAwardandsoon.NowthatthenovelhaswonsomanyhonorsamongChineseliteraryworks,notonlythesourcetext,butitstranslationisalsoofgreatvaluesandworthstudying,butithasn'tdrawnmuchattentionamongresearchers.Basedonthefundamentaltheory----AnApproachtoTranslationasAdaptationandSelectionandacomparisonbetweenthesourcetextandthetargettextoftheNotesofaDesolateMan,itcanbesaidthatisagoodexampleoftheapplicationofeco-translatology.ManyscholarshavedonealotofresearchesaboutHowardGoldblattandhiswifeSylviaLinandtheirworks,butthecurrentresearchperspectivesonlyarelimitedintheiridentityortheirtranslationstyleandskills.Inthisthesis,theauthorintendstoanalyzetheNotesofaDesolateManfromtheperspectiveofeco-translatologyaswellastomanifesttheexplanatorypowerandfeasibilityofeco-translatology.Onthemacrolevel,theapplicationofeco-translatologyprovidesanewperspectivefortheresearchofEnglishtranslations.Moreover,itfurtherenrichestheresearchonthetranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan.1.3OrganizationoftheThesisThiswholethesisisdividedintosixchapters.Thefirstchapterpresentsabriefintroductiontothethesis.Itincludestheresearchbackground,researchpurposeandsignificanceofthisthesis,introducingthemainoutlineofthewholethesisinordertohaveaninitialunderstandingonthethesis.Thesecondchaptermainlyreviewstherelatedresearchesontheeco-translatology.Itelaboratesthehistorybackgroundoftheeco-translatologydevelopmentbothinChinaandinwesterncountries,andthengivesadetailedintroductionofHowardGoldblattandhisEnglishversionofNotesofaDesolateMan.Thethirdchapteristhetheoreticalframework,whichisdevotedtoelaboratingontheoreticalresearchfoundationtheory,eco-translatology,whichfocusesonthecoreconcepts,suchaseco-environment,translationasadaptationandselection,translator-centeredness.Thefourthandfifthchaptersarethemainpartsofthewholethesis,inwhichtheauthorintroducesHowardGoldblatt’sadaptationandselectionfromexternalandinternalaspects,andthenmakesuseofthethree-dimensionaltranslationfromthelinguistic,culturaland2 Introductioncommunicativedimensionsforanin-depthanddetailedanalysisoftheEnglishtranslationNotesofaDesolateMan.Thelastchapterdrawsaconclusionfromtheanalysisofwholethesis.Inthisparttheresearchfindingsandlimitationshavebeenputforwardandafewsuggestionsforthefurtherstudyhavebeenproposed.3 西安理工大学硕士学位论文4 LiteratureReviewChapterTwoLiteratureReviewNotheorycomeswithoutareason.Foranykindsoftheorywhichhavebeenproposedthereareprofoundsocialandculturalbackgrounds.ThedirectioninwhichEco-translatologydevelopsisconsistentwiththeacademicdevelopment.Inacademia,environmentalismresearchhasprogressedindifferentregions,differentareas,includingscience,geography,socialsciences,andevenpermeatedintothehumanities.Moreandmorescholarsaretryingtoturntheattentionfromlinguisticsandculturetoecology.Underthistrend,variousdisciplineshavemushroomed,suchasecologicalaesthetics,ecologicalpolitics,eco-philosophy,ecologicaleconomics,andsoon.Inthesameway,translationalsobenefitsfromecology.2.1RelatedStudiesonEco-translatologyinWesternCountriesandChina2.1.1AReviewofEco-translatologyStudiesinWesternCountriesAtpresent,agreatnumberofpeopleintheinternationaltranslationcircleshavedonesomeresearchesfromtheperspectiveofecology,environment,survival,adaptation,selectionandotherecologicalperspectives,whoserelevantliteraturesareincreasingcorrespondingly.In1988,EnglishprofessoroftranslationNewmarkdefinedcultureas"thewayoflifeanditsmanifestationsthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesaparticularlanguageasitsmeansofexpression".(Newmark,1988)Thusacknowledgingthateachlanguagegrouphasitsownculturallyspecificfeatures.Healsointroduced‘Culturalword’whichthereadershipisunlikelytounderstandandthetranslationstrategiesforthiskindofconceptdependontheparticulartext-type,requirementsofthereadershipandclientandimportanceoftheculturalwordinthetext.PeterNewmarkalsocategorizedtheculturalwordsintofiveaspects:ecology;material;socialculture;organizationscustoms,activities,procedures;gesturesandhabits.ThisindicatesthatPeterNewmarkhaslaidmoreemphasisontheecologicalcharacteristicsoftranslation.DavidKatanhasfurtherexplainedtheelementsoftranslationaleco-environmentinhisbookTranslatingCultures,whichclarifiedandrefinedindetailtheclassificationofeco-environmenttranslation,includingthephysicalenvironment,politicalenvironment,climate,spaceandtemporaryscenes,etc.(Katan,1999:45-52)ThebookTranslationandGlobalizationby5 西安理工大学硕士学位论文MichelleCroninrecognizesandunderscoresthe‘ecology’oftranslationasitdescribestherelationshipbetweenspeakers,translatorsandtextsfromdifferentgroupsandclassesoflinguisticexistencetoshowhowthereistranslation“intoandoutoftheirlanguages”.MichelleCronincallsontokeep"healthybalance"betweendifferentlanguagesinthetranslation.(Cronin,2003:231)Inaddition,AndreLefevereremarksthatanycultureandsocietyistheenvironmentofaliterarysystemandallsystemsareopentoandinteractwitheachotherinhisbookTranslation,HistoryandCulturewrittenwithSussanBassnet.(Bassnet&Lefevere,1990:4)GeorgeSteinerhasclassifiedtranslationtheoriesinto“universalist”theoryandthe“relativist”theory,andconsiderstheclassificationissimilartothe"overallenvironmentaladaptationandlocalenvironmentaladaptation".(Steiner,1975:235)RosinaWarrenproposedtranslation"isamodeofcognitiveandsurvival.Aliteraryworkfromonelanguagetransplantstoanotherlanguage,justlikethemigrationofplantsoranimalsfromoneplacetoanotherplace.Itislikeapersonoranation,toadaptandgrowup.Inordertosurvive,itisonlytochangeandadapttothenewenvironment.(Warren,1989:6)WolframWilssalsoconsideredthatthestudyintranslationfielddecision-makingprocessshouldfocusonvariousenvironmentalfactors,suchasthetranslationtaskcharacteristics,customerneeds,translatorsanddecision-makingability".(Wilss,1996:184)2.1.2AReviewofEco-translatologyStudiesinChinaInacademia,manyscholarsandtranslatorsareinclinedtousetheresearchachievementsgotfromotherdisciplinesforreference.Thatistosay,theyexaminethetranslationstudiesfromaninterdisciplinaryperspective.Actually,environmentalismresearchhasprogressedindifferentregions,differentareas,includingscience,geography,socialsciencesandevenpermeatedintothehumanities.ProfessorHuGengshenfirstproposedtheconceptofeco-translatologyin2001,broadeningthevisionofinterdisciplinarystudiesontranslation.Alongwith“AnApproachtoTranslationasAdaptationandSelection”asthefundamentaltheory,eco-transaltologyhasbecomeaninterdisciplinaryresearch,studyingtranslationfromtheperspectiveofecology.Overthepastdecade,aseriesofthematicpaperscloselylinkedtotheabovetheoryhavebeenpublished,whicharemorerepresentative:2001InternationalFederationofTranslatorsintheThirdAsianTranslators'Forumpresentedthepaper"TranslationasAdaptationandSelectionStudy";in2002,"TranslatingQuarterly"(HongKong)published"Boom,PuzzlesandExplorationoftheTranslationTheory";in2003,inPerspectives:StudiesinTranslatology6 LiteratureReviewpublished"TranslationasAdaptationandSelection";in2004,"ChineseTranslation","ForeignLanguagesandTheirTeaching","Shanghaitranslation",Perspectives:studiesinTranslatologyondomesticandforeignjournals,suchas"Fromthetranslator'subjectivity'tothetranslator'scenter'","AnAttemptonTranslationStudies","ChangeAPerspectiveToSolveProblem","ThePhilosophicalBasisofTranslationasAdaptationandSelection","Translator-centeredness".In2006,the"ForeignLanguagesandTheirTeaching","ForeignLanguageTeaching","MacaoPolytechnicInstitute",Perspectives:StudiesinTranslatologyonotherdomesticandforeignjournals"TranslationPrinciplesandMethodofTranslationasAdaptationandSelection".In2008,theShanghaiTranslationandSichuanInternationalStudiesUniversityhavepublished"Fromlookingterminologytranslationtheory----OverviewofTranslationasAdaptationandSelection"andsoon.Theabovetheoryarousedwideconcernandinterestintranslationcircles.What’smore,theapplicationofresearchhasincreasedcorrespondingly.Onthebasisofthesetheoreticalstudies,applicationofeco-translatologyresearchhasprogressedindifferentregionsandareas.Intheaspectofliterarytranslationstudy,ZhaiHongmei(2005)studiedLinYutang’sEnglishversionof"SixChaptersofaFloatingLife"andtranslationstrategiesadoptedbytheresultsofselectionactivitieswhicharetranslator’sadaptationtofitinwiththetranslationaleco-environment.TengYue(2006)contraststhetwoChineseversionsof"HarryPotter"(ChinesemainlandandTaiwanversion)intermsofsimilaritiesanddifferencesinvocabulary,sentence,discourseandpragmaticslevels,anddrawsaconclusionthattranslationisviewedasthe"translator-centeredness"languageconversionactivities.Basedonthe"TranslationasAdaptationandSelection",WuYuanqingandLiJiepingdescribedandinterpretedtranslator'sleadingroleintranslatingtheworkofAmericannovelistErnestHemingway(1899-1961)"CatintheRain"(2006:722-725).BianLihongandYaoZhifenexplore"KuHongming'sTranslationofLunyuintheLightofTranslationasAdaptationandSelection"(2008:18-20).Inasense,theaboveappliedresearchesontheeco-translatologynotonlyexpandtheresearchteamsofeco-translatologystudies,butalsoenrichthestudycontentsofecologicaltranslationstudies.What'smore,theypromotethesustainabledevelopmentofeco-translatologyresearch.2.2IntroductiontoChuT’ienwenandHerNotesofaDesolateMan.ChuTienwenwasbornonAugust24,1956inTaipei.SheisoneofTaiwan'smostprominentwriters.Atthebeginningofthepathofliterature,Chuwasdeeplyinfluencedbytwoliterarypredecessors,oneisHuLancheng,andtheotherisEileenChang.Whetherintermsof7 西安理工大学硕士学位论文thesubjectmatterorthelanguagestyle,Chu'sworksareinfluencedbythem.BecauseChu’sscreenwritingphilosophyistofacethefactsoflifeandallowcharacterstodevelopthemselves,theirlatercollaborationsreflectedsentimentalityofTaiwanesewithpoeticaesthetics,ratherthanabruptconflicts.Bornintoaliteraryfamily,Chupublishedherfirstworkwhenshewas16.SheandhersistersbecamestudentsofHuLancheng,EileenChang’sex-husbandin1974,whenHuarrivedatTaiwan.LatershecompiledaliteraturemagazinewithheryoungersisterChuTien-hsinandpublishedshortstorieswhichwerelaterputonscreen.ShewascomparedtoChangforbothherdetachmentandthepithyinsightsinherworks.ShereleasedNotesofaDesolateManinTaiwanin1994,andHowardGoldblatttranslatesitintoEnglishafter5years.ThisbookwaspublishedinbothTaiwanandabroad.Nowadays,Chu’shighlypersonalwritingstylehasalsoshiftedwithtime.Differentfromherearlyworkspraisingyouthandlove,herlastbestsellerNotesofaDesolateManwaspublishedin1999withitselaboratedandrefinedlanguage.ItisalsoanultimateexpressionoffamedItalianauthorandjournalistItaloCalvino’sdigressiontheory,inwhichsheexperimentswithwordsandtimelinetoreconstructapictureinawitch’seye.TaiwanfemalewriterChuTien-wen’snameisalsocloselyconnectedwithHouHsiao-hsien(侯孝贤),aninternationalacclaimedmoviedirectorandaleadingfigureofTaiwan’sNewWavecinemamovement.Asascreenwriter,ChuhaswrittenmostofthescreenplaysforHou’smoviessuchasTheBoysfromFengkuei(1983),DustintheWind(1986),ACityofSadness(1988),ThePuppetmaster(1993),FlowerofShanghai(1998),MillenniumMambo(2001)andThreeTimes(2005).NotesofaDesolateManisthewinnerofthecovetedChinaTimesNovelPrize,thispostmodern,first-persontaleofacontemporaryTaiwanesegaymanreflectingonhislife,loves,andintellectualinfluencesisamongthemostimportantrecentnovelsinTaiwan.ThenovelNotesofaDesolateManwhichnarratesahomosexualstory,thenarratorconsideredhimselfas"desolateman"inthenovel,describinghomosexuals’innerconflictsandstruggles.Thenarrator,XiaoShao,recollectsaseriesoffriendsandlovers,ashewatcheshischildhoodfriend,AhYao,succumbtocomplicationsfromAIDS.ThecruelfactofAhYao'sdeathfocusesShao'ssimultaneouslyeruditeanderoticreflectionsmagneticallyonthecorethemeofmortality.Byturninghumorousanddespondent,thenarratorstrugglestocometotermswithAhYao'sriskylifestyle,radicalpoliticalactivism,andeventualdeath;thefragilityofromanticlove;thesolaceofwriting;thecoldennuiofayoungergenerationenthralledonlybyvideogames;andlifeontheedgeofmainstreamTaiwanesesociety.Hisfeverishjourneythroughforestsofmetaphor8 LiteratureReviewandallusion—fromFelliniandLévi-StrausstoclassicalChinesepoetry—servesasalitanyprotectinghimfromtheravagesoftimeandfinitude.NotesofaDesolateMancanberatedasthemosttalentedwomannovelincontemporaryChinesefiction,whichnotonlyuseswell-documentedandextensiveevidence,butalsoinvolvesliteraryallusionsfromChinaandwestcountries,suchas"TheEasternWildernessChapter"(《大荒东经》),"ClassicofMountainandSea"(《山海经》),"TravelstotheWest"(《大唐西域》),andJapanesefiction"TheTaleofGenji"(《源氏物语》),eventheFrenchstructuralismanthropologistLévi-Strauss’s"TristesTropiques"(李维史陀《忧郁的热带》),MichelFoucault’s"HistoiredelaSexualité"(福柯《性意识史》),EnglishpoetT.S.Eliot’s"TheWasteLand"(艾略特《荒原》)alsoinvolvedinthenovel.NotesofaDesolateManhasbeenimmersedinEasternandWesterncultures,fromtheChristianculture,Buddhistculture,Hinduculture,toBrahmanism,fromancientGreek,Romanmythology,Indianmythology,toChineseancientmythologyandsoforth.Thisnoveldescribesaverywideregion,fromAsiatoEurope,toAmericas,toAfrica,whichhasdistinctivecharacteristicsofthetimes.Somecontemporaryfamouspersons’nameshavecommonlyseeninthenovel,suchastheU.S.singerMichaelJackson,thefamousAmericanactorMelGibson(梅尔·吉普森),famousAmericandirectorStevenSpielberg（史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格）,JapanesedirectorMiyazakiHayao（宫崎骏）,FrenchfashiondesignerCocoChanel,Americanclassicfilm"WaterlooBridge"（《魂断蓝桥》）,singerBarbraStreisand（芭芭拉·史翠姗）,HongKongsingerZhangQingfang（张清芳）,JapanchainstoreYiseitanSupermarket（伊势丹商场）,andsoon.NotesofaDesolateManquotesandciteslargenumberofmyth,literature,religion,andpopularfashionelements,sothatitisdifficulttocount,whichalsointerspersedthreelanguagesinthisnovel,includingEnglish,French,andJapanese.NotesofaDesolateManexpressedtheambivalencestatusofhomosexualsinTaiwancontemporarysociety.NowonderthatsomepeoplecalledNotesofaDesolateManasafableattheendofthecentury.2.3RelatedStudiesonHowardGoldblattandHisEnglishVersionofNotesofaDesolateMan.ItishardtoignorethegreatcontributionmadebyHowardGoldblatt,whowashailedasthemidwifeinmodernandcontemporaryChineseliteraturebyJohnUpdikeforGoldblatt’scontributioninpayingmuchattentiononthelong-neglectedauthor.JohnUpdikeonthe"NewYorker"magazinewrote“Meanwhile,AmericantranslationofcontemporaryChinesefictionappearstobethelonelyprovinceofoneman,HowardGoldblatt,thefoundingeditorofModernChineseLiteratureandaprofessorcurrentlyattheUniversityofNotreDame”.(JohnUpdike,9 西安理工大学硕士学位论文2005)Sincethe1970s,HowardGoldblatthasdevotedhimselftotranslatingmorethanfortyChineseliteraryworkswithspectacularsuccess,whicharewrittenbycontemporaryChinesewell-knownwritersfrommainland,HongKongandTaiwan,includingmainlandwriterXiaoHong’sSelectedStoriesofXiaoHong;MoYan’sRedSorghum,TheRepublicofWine,TheGarlicBallads,Shifu,You’llDoAnythingforaLaugh,BigBreastsandWideHips;ZhangJie’sHeavyWings;YangJiang’sSixChaptersfromMyLifeDownunder;JiaPingwa’sTurbulence;SuTong’sRice;LiuHeng’sBlackSnow,GreenRiverDaydreams;JiangRong’sWolfTotem;WangShuo’sPlayingforThrills,PleaseDon’tCallMeHuman;ALai’sRedPoppiesandBiFeiyu’sMoonRiverThreeSisters,aswellasHongKongandTaiwanwriterChuTianwen’sNotesofaDesolateMan;LiAng’sTheButcher’sWifeandOtherStories;ChenRuoxi’sTheExecutionofMayorYinandOtherStoriesfromtheGreatProletarianCulturalRevolution;HuangChunming’sTheDrowningofanOldCatandOtherStories,TheTasteofApples;WangChenhe’sRose,Rose,ILoveYouandotherwriters'works.HowardGoldblatthaswontwicetheTranslationStudiesAwardconferredbyNationalEndowmentfortheArts.In1985,hereceivedtheAwardforDistinguishedTranslatorsfromTranslationCenterRobertPayneAward.WhatdeservestobementionedthemostisNotesofaDesolateMantranslatedbyHowardGoldblattandhiswifeSylviaLin,whowonthe2000annualNationalTranslationAwardreceivedfromAmericanTranslatorsAssociation.In2007,JiangRong'snovel"WolfTotem"translatedbyGoldblattwonthefirstManAsianLiteraryPrize.AsatranslatorofChineseliteratureinEnglish-speakingcountries,Mr.Goldblatthastwomajorachievements:thefirstisthestudyofcontemporaryChineseliterature.ThesecondisthetranslationandpromotionofcontemporaryChinesefictionsandthelatterdeservesmoreattention.SinceMoYanwontheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein2012,thetranslator,HowardGoldblatthasahighreputationinChina.Goldblattandhistranslationshaveattractedwidepublicity.ManyChinesescholarsandresearchersalsostarttostudyHowardGoldblatt’stranslationthoughtsandskills.ChineseTranslatorsJournalpublishedmanyarticlesaboutHowardGoldblatt.GaoFangandXuJun’sLiteraryTranslationandChina’s“Going-out”CulturalStrategy:CurrentSituation,ExistingProblems,andSuggestionsforImprovementdiscussedhowtocarryoutthe“going-out”strategyforthepurposetoboostChineseliterature’sinternationalaccessibility.ZhangYaoping’sresearchonHowardGoldblatt:ToReadinChineseandtoWriteinEnglish,givesabriefintroductiontoHowardGoldblatt,andanalyzeshisdistinguishedachievementsintranslatingmodernandcontemporaryChineseliteraryworksintoEnglish,includingHowardGoldblatt’sthoughtandstyleoftranslation.(ZhangYaoping,2005)10 LiteratureReviewWithrespecttoresearchesfromdifferenttheoreticalbackgroundsaboutHowardGoldblatttherearealotofsuccessfultranslatedworks,suchas,LangHuiying’sAStudyonHowardGoldblatt’sTranslationofWolfTotem—FromthePerspectiveofRewritingTheory;HuYuan’sCulturalMisreadinginLiteraryTranslation—ACaseStudyofRedSorghum;SuXixin’sStylisticsVariationsandCulture-loadedExpressionsinHowardGoldblatt’sTranslationsofCrystalBoysandNotesofaDesolateMan,andAStudyonHowardGoldblatt’sTranslationofMifromthePerspectiveofTranslator’SubjectivitybyQiuXiao.NotesofaDesolateManhasgainedwideappreciationandrecognition,andalsoreceivedalotofawards.However,thereareveryfewthesestoresearchthisEnglishversiontranslationfromtheviewpointofeco-translatology.TheanalysisofNotesofaDesolateManmainlycentersonthefollowingaspects:1)discussionofChuTienwen’swritingstyleandwayofnarrationandplottingtechniques;2)comparativeanalysisbetweenNotesofaDesolateManandChu’spreviousnovels;3)analysisofthefeministwritingsinthe20thcentury.Theyarepresentedinafewpapersasfollows:Habitus-fieldandReception:HowardGoldblatt’sChoiceandTranslationStrategiesonTranslatingNotesofaDesolateManbyWeiXiaojing,StylisticsVariationsandCulture-loadedExpressionsinHowardGoldblatt’sTranslationsofCrystalBoysandNotesofaDesolateManbySuXixin.11 西安理工大学硕士学位论文12 TheoreticalFrameworkChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkAsanewly-establishedtheory,Eco-translatologyprovidesabrandnewperspectiveforthestudyoftranslation.Ecologicaltranslationstudiesstartedin2001,andenjoyeditsfullswingin2009.Foritsemergenceatthebeginningofthenewcentury,therearesomereasonsasfollows:globalanddomesticfactors;objectiveandsubjectivefactors;occasionalandinevitablefactors.Thischapterwillgiveabriefintroductiontotherelatedconceptsofthistheoryindetail.On10thNov.2010,MacaoPolytechnicInstituteheldthefirstInternationalEco-translatologySeminar.In2001,eco-translatologywasfirstputforwardinForumoftheThirdAsianTranslation.ThisforumhasdrawnmuchattentionofscholarswhobegantocenteronEco-translatologytheory.Itisforalongtimethattherelatedtopicshavebeendiscussedbymoreandmoreprofessionalscholars.BoththetranslationpracticeandtherelevanttheoreticalresearchesonEco-translatologyhavewitnessedagreatdevelopmentinthepasttenyears.Manyacademicthesesandexcellentworkshavebeenpublished.Exceptforthosefromtheacademicfield,fewpeoplecannotacceptorunderstandthisconcept.Therefore,itismeaningfulandnecessarytogiveabriefintroductiontotheresearchstatusandbasiccontentofEco-translatology.3.1DefinitionofEco-translatologyBasedonthetheoryoftranslationasadaptationandselection,ProfessorHuGengshenputsforwardeco-translatology.ThetheoryregardstheprinciplesandideasofDarwin"adaptationandselection"asaguide,"translationasadaptationandselection"asthekeynote,"translator-centeredness"asthecore.Anylivingbodyiscapableoffittinginwiththesurroundings.Onlytoadapttotheenvironmentcanmanreproduceandsurviveinnature;orthatanylivingbodysurvivalandreproductionareanacceptationofnaturalselection,andasaresultofadaptationtothenaturalenvironment.Beingsadapttothenaturalenvironment,thebasicruleis:survivalofthefittest.Thisisnaturalruleforsurvival.Eco-translatologyisviewedasthestudiesoftranslationfromecologicalperspectiveoranecologicalapproachtostudytranslation.Becauseeco-translatologyinvolves“Ecology”and"Translatology",therefore,itisalsoaninterdisciplinaryormultidisciplinarystudy.Theprocessoftranslationactuallyfocusesontherelationshipbetweentranslationenvironmentandtranslator,andtranslator’sabilitytosurviveintheenvironment.ProfessorHubelievesthatthe13 西安理工大学硕士学位论文essenceoftranslationisthetranslatorwhohastheselectiveactivitytoadapttotheeco-environmentoftranslation.3.2CoreConceptsofEco-translatologyAccordingtoHuGengshen,Eco-translatologyusesanecologicalapproachtostudytranslationorfromaperspectiveofecology.Itisaninterdisciplinarystudy,includingecologyandtranslatology.Therefore,somecoreconceptsneedtobeexplained,suchasadaptationandselection,translator-centerednessandtranslationaleco-environment.3.2.1Translator-centerednessEco-translatologylaystranslator-centerednessatthecoreplace.Inthetranslationprocess,ProfessorHudeemsthattranslationisnotonlytranslator-centerednessandadaptationandselection,butalsoshouldtaketranslationaleco-environmentintoconsideration.Intranslationstudies,scholarscenteronstudyingwhatrolestranslatorsplayintheprocessoftranslation.Itisoneofthebasictaskstointerpretthetranslators’behaviors.“Translationtheoryisconcernedwithchoicesanddecision,notwiththemechanismsofeitherthesourcelanguagetestorthetargetlanguagetext”wasdefinedbyPeterNewmark.(Newmark,1984)Tosomeextent,translationisincreasinglyregardedashumanbehaviorswhichareaprocessoraform.Therefore,atheoryhadbettertrytoestablishtheprinciplesofthisbehavior.Themainideaof“Translator-centeredness”istoemphasizetheroleandsubjectiveinitiativeofroles,andusethenaturalruleofsurvivalofthefittesttolimitthetranslationalbehavioroftranslator-centeredness.Itmakesthisnewresearchapproachdifferentfromformertranslationtheories.Eco-translatologyproposesthetranslator-centerednesswhichisdifferentfromthetraditionaltranslationtheories.Translatorhasbeencalled“servant”inthetraditionaltranslationresearch.Sothattranslatorshouldbeloyaltothesourcetext.Inordertojudgewhetherthetranslatorisacompetentoneornot,thefidelityofthetranslationisregardedasasignificantelementinevaluatingthetranslationquality.Inthetranslationprocesswhichisorientedbythesourcetext,thetranslator’ssubjectivityandcreativitycannotbegivenfullplay.Fromthetraditionalresearchview,translator-centerednessisthekeypointintranslationstudy.Itisclearthattranslatorsplaythecentralroleintheprocessoftranslation.Translator-centerednesshassimilaritywiththesubjectivityoftranslator.Bothofthemlaymoreemphasisontranslator’ssubjectivityintheprocessoftranslation.AlthoughXiaoShao,themaincharacterofthisnovel,isamale,thestrongfeminine14 TheoreticalFrameworktemperamentpenetratesintohisbodysothatheisdoomedtoplaytheroleofeffeminatehomosexuality.TheauthorChuTienwenisawomanwriter,butshe,beyondherfemaleidentity,narratedtheXiaoShao’sstoryinthefirstperson"I".Asweknow,thetranslatorHowardGoldblattisaman,translatedthisnovelinmaleidentity,andinsomeextent,makesthenovelofnarrator'smaleidentityrestored.Thisisundoubtedlyoneof"translator-centered"philosophyperfectpractice.3.2.2AdaptationandSelectionDuringtheprocessoftranslation,adaptationandselectionarecoreactivities,whicharerecognizedandconsideredbylotsoftranslators.EugeneNidaproposesthatthetranslatorhastocommithimselforherselfinmakingthousandsofdecisionswhichinvolvingbotharrangementandselectiontofitdifferentcultureandlanguage,diversepublishersandeditors,finallyreaders.(Nida.1993:3)PeterNewmarkalsooffersthattranslationtheoryisconcernedwithdecisionsandchoices,ratherthanthemechanismofanytargetlanguage(TL)orthesourcelanguage(SL).(Newmark,2001a:19)FangMengzhi,whoisaChinesescholar,alsodeemsthat“Agivensourcecanberenderedintoavarietyoftargettextssoastobeadaptivetotheneedsofdifferentreadinggroups.Forexample,differenttranslationsofBiblecanadapttodifferentaudiencesinordertoenjoyawidereadership”.(FangMengzhi,1999:129)Inaddition,afamousChinesetranslationtheoristLiuMiqingoncesaidthatonlyifheisgoodatselecting,thetranslatorcanfullymastertheartoftranslation.Accordingtothecitationsabove,thetwocoreconceptsadaptationandselectionareveryimportantfortranslation.Inotherwords,translationactivitiesmustinvolveadaptationandselection.Theselectioncanbeconsideredasthemajordecision-makingbehaviorforbettereffect.InaccordancewithProfessorHu,adaptationandselectioncouldbeconsideredastheessenceoftranslatingandtranslator’sinstinct.Inshort,translatormustbothadaptandselectintheprocessoftranslating.Translator’sselectionisalsoadaptive;meanwhile,theadaptationisselective.Asanessentialbehaviorintheprocessoftranslating,adaptationandselectionmaketheworkbetterinmanyaspects,includingcommunicative,culturalandlinguisticaspects.Ontheonehand,translator’sselectionbehavioroccursafterheorshehasadaptedtothetranslatingactivityateverylevelandaspect.Inotherwords,afterthetranslatorisselectedtoadapttothework,heorsheneedstoselecttheskillsintranslatingforbettereffect.Ontheotherhand,translator’sadaptationbehavioronlyexistswhenheorshefitsthetranslatingworkfromhisorherprofessionalcompetencesorskills.Inasense,translationisatypeofselectiveadaptation.15 西安理工大学硕士学位论文Asforgettingthebesteffectontheproduct,thetranslatorwhoselectstoadapttotheworkmusttakesourcetext,targettext,readerandmanyothersfactorsintoconsideration.Meanwhile,forthepurposeofselectingthespecifictargettextsintheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorhastofitinwiththetranslationaleco-environment.(HuGengshen,2004)Accordingtotheviewpointabove,adaptationandselectionareinvolvedintheprocessoftranslating,akindofselectiveadaptationiseitherdecidedbytheeco-environmentorthetranslatoroneself.Allinall,eco-environmentandtranslator’scompetencesaretwospecificfactorsforadaptation.Thetranslatorchoosesadaptiveselectionbyconcerningtherespectivefactorinacomprehensiveperspective,aswellasdecision-making,layingmoreemphasisontheselectionofthepracticalskillsonthetargettextandcateringtogetbettereffect.3.2.3TranslationalEco-environmentOnthebasisofeco-translatology,translationaleco-environmentisdefinedasamultivariateenvironmentandmulti-dimensionalspacesystem,whichplacesthelimitationandcontrolroleontheexistenceanddevelopmentoftranslation.Specificallyspeaking,theeco-environmentincludes:naturalenvironment,socialenvironment,andtranslation’snormativeenvironment,discussedfromtheperspectiveofecology,aswellastranslators’physicalandphysiologicalenvironment.In2001,theconceptoftranslationaleco-environmentwasfirstlyputforwardinHuGengshen’sarticleInitialExplorationintoTranslationasAdaptationandSelection.Translationaleco-environmentcanberegardedastargetlanguages,sourcelanguagesandeventheworldsofthesourcetext,whichconsistofthelinguistic,communicative,culturallevels,andtheauthor,theclient,andthereader.Theauthorusedtheterm“ecologicalenvironment”insteadof“context”or“culturalcontext”mainlyfortworeasons:Firstofall,the"ecologicalenvironment"impliesDarwin'stheoryofevolutioninnaturalselection(alsocalledasadaptationandselection).Secondly,ithasagreatdifferencebetweentranslationecologicalenvironmentandcontextandculturalcontextinreferencetothebasicconcepts,scope,meaningandsoon.Thetranslationaleco-environmentmoreaccuratelyelaboratestheentirety,whichisinterconnectedandinteractedbythesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguagewhichislanguage,communication,culture,society,authors,readers,andclient.IntermsofecologicalenvironmentoftranslationandthenotionofadaptationandselectionofDarwin’stheoryofbiologicalevolution,translationaleco-environmentispriorityovertheterm“culturalcontext”and“context”AstheoldEnglishsayinggoes"Nocontext,notext",itisindispensablefortranslationtotaketheecologicalenvironmentintoconsideration.16 TheoreticalFrameworkAccordingtoProfessorHuGengshen,theprocessoftranslatingincludestwostages.Thatthetranslationaleco-environmentselectsthetranslatoristhefirststage.Andthesecondstageisthatthetranslator,asamainpartoftranslationaleco-environment,decidesorselectsthetypeoftargettext.Thefollowingdiagramillustratesclearlythetwostagesoftheprocessoftranslating:“Withintheframeworkoftranslationasadaptationandselection,theprocessoftranslationistheproductionoftargettextsby`natural'selectionthatismadepossiblebythetranslator'sadaptationtothespecifictranslationaleco-environment,theselectionofthedegreeoftheadaptation(selectiveadaptation),anddecision-making(adaptiveselection)concerningthefinalformofthetargettextintermsofnaturalselection”.(HuGengshen,221)Whenitcomestotheapproachtotranslationasadaptationandselection,itisshouldconsideradaptationandselectionastheessenceofthetranslatingandthetranslator'sinstinct.Ontheonehand,thetranslatorneedstomakedecisionsorselectionstofinishtheprocessoftranslation;ontheotherhand,thetranslatormakeseffortstofitinwiththetranslationaleco-environmentsoastosurvive.Thereareadaptationsintheselectionaswellasselectionsintheadaptation.(HuGengshen,2004)Thetranslator’stwoactivitiesinteractwitheachotherwhicharedeeplyinterconnectedandinseparable.Therefore,translationissummarizedascyclealternationsofthetranslator’sselectionandadaptation.3.3TheProcessofTranslating:AdaptationandSelectionItisvirtuallyinevitablethatappearsthephenomenaofselection,adaptation,eliminationandreservationintranslationprocess.Selectionsshouldbemadebytakingthecorrespondingsituationsintoconsiderationbeforeyouraction.InhisbookAFreshLookatTranslation,EuhenceNidaonceheldthat“Atranslatormustengageinthousandsofdecisionsinvolvingbothselectionandarrangementtofitanotherculture,adifferentlanguage,diverseeditorsandpublishers,andfinallyareadingaudience”.(EugeneA.17 西安理工大学硕士学位论文Nida,2000:7)InthelightofintroductionofRosannaWarren’sessayTheArtofTranslation:VoicesfromtheField,heoncesaid“Translationisakindofcognitiveandsurvivalpattern.Similartotransplantaplantorananimalfromoneplacetoanotherone,adaptationtothenewenvironmentforsurvivalisamust.Sodoesthetranslation”.(RosannaWarren,1989)InrespecttoChinesescholars,LiuMiqing(1990)onceofferedthatforthepurposetolookforselectiveadaptationbetweentwolanguages,thereisaclear-cutcriteriontomeasureandtheexplorefeasibilityandadaptiveeffect.QiaoZengrui(2000)oncepointedoutthat“Translationistheadaptiveexpressionofonelanguageinanotherlanguage.”Therearemanyreviewsonselectionwhichcanbeeasilyseen.“Translationtheoryisconcernedwithchoicesanddecisions,notwiththemechanicsofeitherthesourcelanguagetext…orthetargetlanguagetext”.PeterNewmark(1982:19)AndBiguenet&Schultesaidthat“Translationisalastingselectionprocess”.(Biguenet&Schulte,1989)WhenFangPingtranslatedtheMacbeth(1992),aseriesofconfusingcontradictionsmadehimrealizethatthetranslatorhastomakedecisionsbetweenfreetranslationandliteraltranslationintranslationprocess,aswellastakingfidelity,art,readabilityandtechnicalityintoconsideration.Inordertoreachreadersandtheauthor’sboilingpoint,thetranslatorhastofaceselectionbetweendomesticationandforeignizationintheprocessoftranslation.XuJun(2002)offeredtheviewthattranslation’sselectioneasilypenetratesintoallprocessoftranslationwhenselectionoftranslationhasbeendiscussed.Fromthesereviewsabove,translationasadaptationandselectionmoreorlessbelongstothetranslators’subconsciousbehavior.Itisobviousthattranslationiscyclealternationsofthetranslator’sselectionandadaptation.OnthebasisofDarwinianprinciples,includingsurvivalofthefittestandnaturalselection,itinterpretsthatonlytheorganicbeings(animalsandplants)areabletoadaptthemselvestofitinwiththeeco-environment.Intheprocessoftranslating,onlyanorganicbeing(translator)hastheabilityofadaptingtotheeco-environment.ProfessorHuGengshenbelievesthat,adaptationandselectionarethetranslator’ssubconsciousbehaviororbytheessenceoftranslatingaswellasthetranslators’instinct.Itisnecessarythatthetranslatoradaptsandselectsintheprocessoftranslating.Andtheprocessoftranslatingconsistsoftwostages:thefirststageisthatthetranslationaleco-environmentselectsthetranslator;thesecondstageisthatthetranslator,asapartofthetranslationaleco-environment,makesdecisionsorselectswhattypeofthetargettext.Theabove-mentionedtwostagesintheprocessoftranslatingareillustratedinthefigureasfollows.Fromthisfigure,itisclearlyillustratedthatthedottedlinesconnectbetween‘sourcetext’and‘translator’thatmanifeststhe‘translationaleco-environment,whichbelongstothe18 TheoreticalFrameworkfirststage,thesourcetextcouldselectthetranslator.Theotherwayroundisthat,thetranslatormustadapttothesourcetextinthetranslationaleco-environment.Inthesecondstage,translatorsplaythecentralroleasheorsheselectsordecideswhatthestyleofthetargettext.Toputitfromanotherway,intheprocessoftranslating,thetranslator,asanactorundertheeco-environment,focusesselectionontheproduction.Thetwostagesofadaptationandselectioninthetranslatingprocess.Tosumup,thetranslationistheprocessofcyclealternationsofthetranslator’sadaptationandselection.Thetranslatorthereisdoubleidentityintheprocessoftranslation,firstbeingselected,andthenmakingselections.3.4TranslationPrinciple:Multi-dimensionalSelectiveAdaptionandAdaptiveSelectionWithrespecttotheprocessoftranslatingthetextfromsourcelanguagetotargetlanguage,translatorplaysavitalimportantroleinmakinghisselectionsonthecertainwords,style,strategies,andlayout.Meanwhile,thetranslatorthereisdoubleidentityintheprocessoftranslation,firstbeingselected,andthenmakingselections.Intheprocessoftranslation,theprincipleofeco-translatologyisdefinedasthecriteriaoftranslationactivities.Whenitcomestotheprincipleoftranslation,itcanbedefinedasadaptiveselectionsandmultipleadaptations.Thatistosay,whoeverwantstoadaptfromdifferentaspectsandlevelsmakestransformations19 西安理工大学硕士学位论文correspondingly.AccordingtoProfessorHu,eco-translatologycanbesimplyconcludedasthethree-dimensionaltransformations:linguisticdimension,culturaldimensionandcommunicativedimension.Thesimplestlevelinthethree-dimensionaltransformationisthelinguisticlevel.Adaptivetransformationfromthelinguisticdimensionmeanstransformationatthelinguisticlevel.Cultural-dimensiontransformationpaysmoreattentiontotheculturalconnotations.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorfocusesonthetransmissionofbiculturalconnotationandbilingualinterpretation.Theadaptivetransformationonthecultural-dimensionconcernsthehugedifferencesbetweenthetargettextandthesourcetextinthepresenceofnatureandcontent.Ittriestoavoidmisunderstandingthetargettextfromtheviewpointofthesourcetextinculturallevel.Thetranslatorshoulddelivertheconnotationsaccurately.Therefore,whenmakingtransformations,thetranslatorsshouldconveytheconnotationsandconcernthelinguisticsystemtotheentireculturalsystem.Theadaptivetransformationfromthecommunicativedimensionreferstothecommunicativeintensionsthetranslatortriestodeliver.Thecommunicativeintensionsarederivedfromthesourcetextandembodiedinthetargettext.AccordingtoHuGengshen,theprincipleoftranslationismulti-dimensionaladaptionandadaptiveselection.Inotherwords,intranslationaleco-environment,thetranslator’sadaptationmulti-dimensionallyfromdifferentlevelsanddifferentaspectsisbasedonthetranslator’sselectionsadaptively.Translationprincipleisthecriteriaandruleoftranslation,isthebasisofguidanceoftranslationmethodandstrategyselection.Tosumup,themoredimensionstranslatorachieves,thehigherthequalityoftranslationis,andtheadaptiveselectionoftargettextwillbestronger.(HuGengshen,2004b:175-176)3.5TranslationMethod:Three-dimensionalTransformationsThebasicmethodofecologicaltranslationcanbesummarizedasthree-dimensionaltransformations,whichincludelinguisticdimension,culturedimensionandcommunicationdimension.Intermsofadaptivetransformationfromthelinguisticdimension,itmeanstotransformthelanguageform,whenthetranslatorexperiencesadaptiveselectionintheprocessoftranslation.Thelinguistic-dimensionfocusesonchoosingthetransformationofadaptiveselectioninthedifferentlevelsanddifferentaspects.Adaptivetransformationfromculturaldimensionplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocess20 TheoreticalFrameworkoftranslating.Translatorfocusesonthetransmissionofbiculturalconnotationandbilingualinterpretationinthetranslationprocess.Ithasgreatdifferencesbetweentargetlanguagecultureandsourcelanguageculture.Forthepurposeofavoidingthetargetreaders'misunderstandingofthetargettextfromtheviewpointofthesourcetextinculturallevel,thetranslatorshouldlaystressnotonlyonthebilingualsystemsbutalsoonthebiculturalsystems,inordertoappropriatelyhandlewiththeculture-loadedfactors.Allinall,intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorshouldlaymoreemphasisonthetransformationofculturalconnotationsandconcernthelinguisticsystemtotheentireculturalsystem.Duringthetranslationprocess,theadaptivetransformationofbilingualcommunicativeintentionshouldbetakenintoconsiderationbytranslators.Thisisadaptationtransformationofcommunicativedimension.Besidestransformingtheculturalconnotationandlanguageinformation,thetranslatoralsohastolaystressoncommunicativedimension,whichfocusesonwhetherthecommunicativeintentisderivedfromthesourcetextandisembodiedinthetargettextornot.3.6EvaluationCriteria:DegreeofTranslator’sQuality,Multi-dimensionalTransformationsandReader’sFeedbackWhenitcomestoevaluationcriteria,itiscanbeconcludedintothreeparts:thedegreeofmulti-dimensionaltransformations,reader’sfeedbackandtranslator’squality.Infact,toevaluatethedegreeofmulti-dimensionaltransformationsisbasedontheholisticdegreeofadaptationandselection.Asanimportantconceptofeco-translatology,thedegreeofholisticselectionandadaptationistheintegrationofthedegreeofadaptivetransformationonlinguisticdimension,culturaldimensionandcommunicativedimension.Theotherdimensionsaswellasimpactonthedegreeofadaptiveselectioninthetranslationaleco-environment.Itisnodoubtthatthehighestdegreeofholisticselectionandadaptationimpliesthatisthebesttranslation.(HuGengshen,2008a)Ingeneral,thedegreeofmulti-dimensionaltransformationhasacloserelationshipdirectlywiththedegreeofholisticselectionandadaptation.Reader'sfeedbackconcernedthattheresponseandsuggestionfromreaders,patronage,publisher,expertsandcriticsofthetargettext.Judgingthedegreeofholisticadaptationandselectionisalsoanimportantcriterion.Generallyspeaking,themoresatisfyingthereader'sfeedback,thehigherthedegreeofholisticselectionandadaptationwillbe.Inrespecttotranslator'squality,therearethreepointswhichcanbeconcludedasfollows:personalcompetence,translatingattitudeandpracticalability.Incommonsituation,thedegreeofholisticselectionandadaptationhasacloserelationshipwiththequalityoftranslator.21 西安理工大学硕士学位论文Translator'squalitynotonlyisacriterionforevaluatingthedegreeofholisticadaptationandselection,butalsodependsonthetranslator’sselectionofstrategiesduringtheprocessoftranslation.22 HowardGoldblatt’sSelectiveAdaptationtoHisTranslationalEco-environmentChapterFourHowardGoldblatt’sSelectiveAdaptationtoHisTranslationalEco-environmentAccordingtoProfessorHuGengshen’seco-translatology,itisindicatedthattranslationistheactivitiesoftranslator’sfittestadaptationtotheselectionofthetranslationaleco-environment.Fromthisview,therearetwokeyaspectsinthistheory,thefirstisthetranslator,andtranslationaleco-environmentisthesecondaspect.Thetranslationaleco-environmentincludesmanyaspects.Itconsistsofsourcetext,culture,society,author,communication,targetreader,patrons,clientandpublishers.Therefore,thetranslatorhastohandlethefactorsmentionedabove,whichmayexertanimpactonthetranslator’sdecisiontoselectwhatkindoftranslationstyle,strategyandprinciple.4.1SelectiveAdaptationtotheExternalTranslationalEco-environment4.1.1SocialBackgroundDuringtheprocessoftranslation,thetranslator’sadaptationandselectiontothetranslationaleco-environmenthastohandlemanydifferentfactors.Thesourcetextisoneoftheelementswhicharesoimportantintranslationaleco-environmentthatthetranslatorshouldtakeitintoconsideration.Inadditiontothesourcetext,therearestillotherfactorsthatdeservetolaymorestresson,includingthesocialbackgroundatthattime.SincetheimplementationoftheReformandOpening-upPolicyin1978,Chinahasattachedmoreandmoresignificanceintheinternationalsocial.Inworldeconomy,Chinaalsoplaysavitalroleinthewholeworld.Theworld’sattentionhasbeenpaidtoChina,acountrywithunprecedentedeconomicgrowthandstunningindustrialgrowthoverthelast36years.MoreandmoreforeigncountriesareeagertoknowaboutChina.ToreadChineseliteraryworksisoneofthemosteffectiveandconvenientways.IterectsabridgebetweenChinaandothercountriestoknoweachotherwell.Literaryexchangescouldpromotepeople'sspiritsofdifferentnationalitiesandenhancemutualunderstandingamongnationsandculturesbetweendifferentcountries.Nevertheless,formorethanonecentury,theliteratureexchangeinChineseandwesterncountrieshavebeenimbalanced.ItseemsthatexchangesbetweenChineseandWesternliteraturehappenfrequentlybutitisactuallyinastateofwesternliteratureorientation.23 西安理工大学硕士学位论文TakeexchangesofSino-USliteratureforinstance:alargenumberofAmericanliteraryworkshaveexchangedintoChina,andvariousversionsofAmericanwriters’worksfloodedtheChinesemarket.Incomparison,fewAmericansknowaboutChinesewriter'sname.AsforthestudyofChineseliterature,onlysomescholars,teachersandstudentsofEastAsianlanguagesofliteraturedepartmentareinvolved.Chinadoesnotlackgoodliteraryworks,butthetranslationsarenotsosatisfactoryinquantityandquality,sothatmanyexcellentChineseliteraryworkscannotbereadbymostnon-Chinesereaders.Chineseliteratureismarginalizedinworldliteraturefield.Inaddition,literaryexchangeisinseparablefromliterarytranslation.Nowadays,inliterarytranslationstudies,Chinaisalsoontheimbalancedstate.Chineseclassicalliteratureisprofound.ChineseliterarytranslationresearchesalwaysfocusontheChineseclassical.Forexample,TheFourFamousWorks,TheAnalectsofConfucius,andTheBookofSongshavebeenoftentranslatedandresearchedbywesternscholars,butthecontemporaryliteratureismarginalized.Novelisthecoreofthegenreofcontemporaryliterature,therefore,tochangetheimbalancestatusinliterarytranslationstudiesshouldstartfromnovels.Atthispoint,HowardGoldblatt,ascholarofChineseliteratureinEnglish-speakingcountrieswithhisgreatachievementsdrawsourattention.In2012,ChinesewriterMoYanhaswontheNobelPrizeinLiterature,andthepopularityofhisRedSorghumtranslatedbyHowardGoldblattmakesagoodimpressiononwesterncountries,whichalsoarousewesterners’interestsinChinaandChineseliterature.What’smore,EnglishtranslationofcontemporaryChinesefictions,asanimportantpartofChina'sliteraryoutput,hasagreatsignificancetoimproveChineseculturalsoftpower.TaiwanasanindispensiblepartofChina,inrecentyears,withtheincreasingcommunicationandexchangesacrosstheTaiwanStraits,mainlandscholarshavebeguntoconcerntheoutstandingTaiwanliteraryworks.AcontributingeditorofAsymptoteDylanSuhersays"Goldblatt,becauseofhisbackground,isunique”.(DylanSuher,2012)Atthebeginningofthe1960s,HowardGoldblattwassenttomilitarybaseinTaiwan,China.HestayedthereandstudiedattheMandarinCenterfortwomoreyears.InTaiwan,GoldblattlearnedChineselanguageandwasexposedtotheTaiwansociety.Moreover,theco-translatorofNotesofaDesolateMan,SylviaLi-chunLinwasborninTaiwan.Theabovefactorsaregoodforthemtoadaptandselectthetranslationaleco-environment.4.1.2CulturalBackgroundThroughoutthehistoryofTaiwanfemaleliterature,itcanbeseenaclearmanifestationof24 HowardGoldblatt’sSelectiveAdaptationtoHisTranslationalEco-environmentthedevelopmentofTaiwanwomen’emotionandthoughts.Inthe1950s,mostwomenwereintheprideofweakconsciousnessandenduredhumiliationaspartofanimportantmission.Inthe1960sand1970s,women’sconsciousnesswasgraduallyinanembryonicstage,feminisminTaiwansocietywasbuiltupinsomedegree.Inthe1980swomenwerestillatthedevelopmentperiodofcritiquingmalechauvinistideologyandpursuitofgenderequality.Untilthe1990s,women’screativepeakseemstohavebeenintendedtooverthrowtherulingorderpatriarchaldiscourse.Inthe1980s,Taiwan'srapideconomicgrowthenteredgraduallyintothesocialtransformingperiod.Duringthisperiod,Taiwanesewomennotonlysteppedintosociety,andevendidimportantworkasmendo.TheyhavecontributedtoTaiwan'seconomicdevelopment.However,theireconomicandpoliticalstatuseswerealwaysnotrecognizedandrespected.Taiwanesewomenrecognizedthesocialinequalities,andbegantocalloneliminatingthesocialdiscriminationandprejudice,andcalledfortheestablishmentofgenderequality.Inthe1990s,withtheflourishingdevelopmentofthepost-moderndeconstructionandWesternfeminisminTaiwan,womenwerenolongertreatedasaman’subsidiary,thisisthebiggestbenefitfromdeconstruction.Atthispoint,Taiwanesewomenhavenotbeensatisfiedwithgenderbiasandcriticismonliterature.Theyhavebeguntoexploretherelationshipbetweengenderandpoliticalrights.Inthishistoricalbackground,NotesofaDesolateManwascreatedbyChuT’ienwen.Foralongtime,homosexualhasbeenexcludedbythesocietymainstreamundertheheterosexual-centeredsystem.Nowadays,homosexualisinanawkwardsituation.Theyareobscured,alienatedandembarrassedinthesociety.Intheliteraryworld,homosexualityworkswascompletelymarginalized,becauseitisagainstthemainstreamsystem.Evenifafewwritersdaretoselectthiskindoftheme,theydonotapprovethehomosexual.Sincethe1990s,inthesocietycontextofco-existenceofmulti-culture,homosexualreceivedarelativelyrelaxedanddiversecultureoftheatmosphere.Theyarenolongerhidingintheshadowsandsettingthemselvesupas“queer”.Onceuponatime,theyresistedthetitleof"glass"andotherdiscriminatorymeaningwords.Nowadays,itseemsthatthetitleof"queer"isacceptedbyhomosexual.Thisphenomenonshowsthatacontemporarygaydarestoaccepttherealitywithanopenmindeveninthesocialmainstreamofheterosexual-centeredness.Infact,theylearntolaughatthemselvesinordertoprotectthemselves.Homosexualsstrugglingontheedgeofculturearetheeternalthemeforwriters.Duringthisperiod,manypeoplefocusonhomosexuality,andmakeitbecomeauniquelandscapeofTaiwanliterature.Chu'sNotesofaDesolateMan,withitssensitivefemaleperspectiveandauniquewayofwriting,correctlyinterpretandpracticethefemininemodeofwriting.Itisjustrighttoemphasizethehomosexualtheme.NodoubtthattheNotesofaDesolateManisregardedasoneoftheclassicworks.25 西安理工大学硕士学位论文4.2SelectiveAdaptationtoTranslator’sInternalEco-environmentProfessorHuregardsTranslationalEco-environmentas“theworldsofthesourcetextandthesourcetargetlanguages,thelinguisticandculturalaspectsoftranslating,aswellastheauthor,theclient,andthereader”.(HuGengshen,2004)Asdiscussedinthethirdchapter,weknowthattranslationisthetranslator’sfittestadaptationtotheselectionofthetranslationaleco-environment.Inthischapter,HowardGoldblatt’sadaptationtoneedsandcompetencewillbediscussed.4.2.1NeedsAccordingtoAmericanhumanisticpsychologistH.Maslow,thehumanbeing’srequirementscanbedividedintofivedegrees:physiologicalneedlevel,safetylevel,love/belonginglevel,esteemlevel,andself-actualizationlevel.Asforthetranslator,heshouldfirstlyhavetheabilitytoreachhisphysicalneedtomakealiving,andthentoreachself-realization.Inotherwords,duringtheprocessofadaptationandselectiontotheTranslationalEco-environment,thetranslatorwilladapttobothexternalneedstobeacceptedbyreadersandsocietyandinternalneedstofinishtranslationsuccessfully.Thetranslator’sinternalneedsarethemostessentialmotivationduringatranslationactivity,whichrangesfrominferiorneedtosuperiorneed,thatistosay,fromsupportinghislivestorealizingself-value.HowardGoldblatthasbeenregardedasthemostdistinguishedtranslatorinmodernandcontemporaryChineseliteratureintheWest.HehastranslatedmorethanfortyChineseliteraryworkssothatthenumberofbooksonhisbacklistoftranslationsisstunning.AndreaLingenfelterwhoisafamousAmericansinologistandtranslatoronceaskedsuchaquestiontoHowardGoldblatt:“Whatdrivesyou?”Goldblattanswered,“ItranslatemainlybecauseIreallydon’tthinkIcouldlivewithoutit.Idon’thavetodoiteveryday,butI’veinvestedmyselfinthatandthat’smyidentity”.(Lingenfelter,2007:47)Goldblatthassaid“I’mjustlikeashark,youknow,asharkmustkeepswimmingtobealive,”atthe2009BeijingInternationalBookFair.FromtheseanswersbyHowardGlodblatt,itisshownthattranslationhasbecomeapartofhislife.Formanyyears,HowardGoldblattwhohascommittedhimselftothetranslationofmodernandcontemporaryChineseliteraturehashisgreatpassionanddeeploveforChinesecultureandChineseliterature.Onceonaninterview,HowardGoldblattsaidthathelovestowriteinEnglish,especially26 HowardGoldblatt’sSelectiveAdaptationtoHisTranslationalEco-environmentthoseworkswiththeuncertainty,theambiguity,andthechallenge.What’smore,heisfondofthetensionbetweenfidelityandcreativity,eventheinevitablecompromises.ThereareafewtranslatorswhoaredevotedtotranslatingChineseliteratureintheUS.Inacademiccircles,thenumberofnon-Chinesereadersinterestedinthisstyleislimited.However,thesedifficultiesareunabletohinderhimfromturningoutdistinguishedandsignificantworksformanyyears.In2002,HowardGoldblattwascitedassayingintheWashingtonPost:“ThesatisfactionofknowingI'vefaithfullyservedtwoconstituencieskeepsmehappilyturningChineseproseintoreadable,accessible,and-yes-evenmarketableEnglishbooks”.(HowardGoldblatt,2002)4.2.2CompetenceInadditiontointernalneeds,translator’scompetenceisanotherindispensiblefactor.Italsoreflectsthattranslator-centerednessisakeyconceptinthetheoryofeco-translatology.Itisevidentthatthepresuppositionoftranslator’scompetencefocusontwoaspects,thatisbiculturalcompetenceandbilingualcompetence.ProfessorHowardGoldblattisanative-bornAmericanandhismothertongueisEnglish.HehasreceivededucationofAmericantraditionalculture.AlthoughHowardGoldblatthasachievedalot,henevercontentshimselfwiththeseandneverstopreadingandwritinginEnglish.In2005,ChinesejournalistShuJinyuinterviewedGoldblattwith“TenQuestionstoHowardGoldblatt”,andGoldblattoffers,“Tothosewhoknowlittleabouttranslation,thebiggestproblemintranslationmaybewhetherthetranslatorhasagoodunderstandingabouttheoriginalornot.Butactually,thisisoftentheeasiesttohandle.Why?Becausetherearelotsofsolutionssuchasfallingbackonavarietyofdictionaries,experts,etc.Thedecisivekeytoasuccessfultranslationisthetranslator’sexcellentmasteryofhisorherownmothertongue”.(ShuJinyu,2005:D13)Mr.GoldblattwasoncetaughtintheUniversityofNotreDameandUniversityofColoradoofUnitedStatesandworkedinotherschoolsteachingChineseliterature.HeoftentookpartinpublishingChineseliteratureandChinesecultureperiodicalsfromTaiwan,HongKongandtheUnitedStatesduringteachingChineseliteratureandChinesecontemporaryfictiontranslation.Atthesametime,theEnglishacademicjournalModernChineseLiteraturehasbeenfoundedbyHowardGoldblatt.Aftermorethan30years’hardwork,Mr.GoldblatthasbecomethefirstcommonlyacknowledgedAmericanwhotranslatesChinesecontemporarynovels.AlthoughtherearesomepeopleengagedintranslatingtheworksofmodernandcontemporaryChineseliteratureintheU.S.translationcircles,thereisnobodycomparabletoGoldblattforhisgreataccomplishments.27 西安理工大学硕士学位论文GoldblattdevoteshimselftointroducingChinaandChineseculturetotheWestaswellastothetranslationofmodernandcontemporaryChinesenovelsintoEnglish.Inthetranslationfield,HowardGoldblattisfamousforhisrigorousandexquisitestyleandhispursuitoffaithfulness,expressivenessandeleganceintranslation.Asaforeignsinologistandtranslator,HowardGoldblattplaysavitalroleinthisprocess.ThestudyofXiaoHongandChineseNewLiteratureWritersGroupinnorth-eastChinastartsGoldblatt’stranslationcareer.Outofinterestandlove,HowardGoldblatttriedtotranslatetheirworkfromscatteredshortstoriestofull-lengthnovel,andgraduallysteppedintothepathofcontemporaryChinesenovelstranslation.Untilnow,GoldblatthastranslatedmorethanfortymodernandcontemporaryfictionswrittenbyChinesewritersforoverthirtyyears,includingmainlandwriterXiaoHong,XiaoJun,MoYan,YangJiang,ZhangJie,JiaPingwa,WangAnyi,LiuHeng,SuTong,LiRui,JiangRong,WangShuo,AlaiandBiFeiyu,aswellasHongKongandTaiwanwriterChuTienwen,ChuTienxin,ChenRuoxiPai,HuangChun-ming,LiAng,WangChenhe,ShiShuqingandotherwriters.HowardGoldblattisconsideredasthechieftranslatorinthemodernandcontemporaryChineseliterature.Bydoingalargeamountoftranslationpractice,HowardGoldblattwoninternationalliteraryprizesaswellas.Meanwhile,thoseworksareofgreatbenefittobereborninEnglish-speakingcountries.TakeMoYan’sRedSorghumasanexample.In2012,ChinesewriterMoYanwontheNobelPrizeinLiterature,andthepopularityofhisRedSorghummaymakeagoodimpressiononwesterncountries.Itisalsogivesamotivationofwesterners’interestinChinaandChineseliterature.Mr.GoldblattisproficientinChinesecultureandChineseliterature.HeintroducestheChineseliteraturesuccessfullytonon-ChinesereaderssothatChineseculturecouldbecommunicatedsmoothlyinforeigncountries.SincethesuccessoftheRedSorghum,HowardGoldblattandhisworkshaveaprofoundinfluenceonculturaltransmissionandliterarytranslation.AsformostWesterners,Chineseisaverydifficultlanguagetolearn,whichhindersthespreadofChineseculturetothewesterncountries.However,Mr.GoldblatthasopenedawindowforwesternerstoknowaboutChinaandChinesecultureindetail.Goldblatt’stranslationsarequitemarketableintheEnglishworldandpraisedhighlybyliteraryandtranslationexpertsbothathomeandabroad.“ProfessorGoldblattiswithoutdoubtthemostimportantpersonregardingthespreadofcontemporaryChineseliterature,”literarycriticChenXiaomingsays,addingthat“GoldblatthastranslatedthemostChineseliteraryworksofthehighestquality”.(LiuJun,2011:19)Asanartoflanguage,fictioncreatesartisticimageswithlanguage.Hence,languageimagesplayavitalroleinliterarytranslation.Whenitcomestofictiontranslation,Goldblatt28 HowardGoldblatt’sSelectiveAdaptationtoHisTranslationalEco-environmentmentionedthatthetranslator’slanguageshouldbeaccurateandidiomaticinsteadofbeingflashyorgaudy.Tobeasuccessfultranslator,thetwopreconditionsarenecessary,thefirstoneistohaveanexcellentmasteryofhisorherownmothertongue,andthesecondistohaveanin-depthknowledgeaboutlanguage,historyandliterature.AsaChinese-Englishtranslator,HowardGoldblattconsideredthatthemothertongueisevenmoreimportantthanthesourcetextlanguage.Inthetranslatingprocess,healwayspaysmoreattentiontowordchoiceandthetranslationofidioms,proverbs,slangsandhomophonesinthesourcetextinordertoreflectthesimilarsceniceffectsintheEnglishversion.“Becauseofhisaccuratewordchoiceandrichimagination,readinghistranslationisjustlikereadingtheEnglishoriginalbutwithoutthefeelingofplacingoneselfintheAmericansociety,whichactuallyreachesthehighestambitofliterarytranslation”.(LvMinhong,2011:233)EventhoughEnglishisHowardGoldblatt’smothertongue,hehasnevergivenupimprovinghiswritingandreadingskillbyusingEnglish,whichlaysthesolidfoundationforHowardGoldblatttobecomeanexcellentandqualifiedChinese-Englishtranslator,becausehisexcellentbilingualcompetenceimproveshisprofoundliteraryquality.29 西安理工大学硕士学位论文30 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateManChapterFiveHowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateManFangMengzhisays,“Agivensourcetextcanberenderedintoavarietyoftargettextssoastobeadaptivetodifferentaudienceinordertoenjoyawidereadership”.(FangMengzhi,2002:129)Thereexistsgreatspaceforustoanalyzeandresearchtheiradvantagesanddisadvantagesintermsofthethreedimensionaltransformations.AccordingtoProfessorHu,translatorsshouldadapttothetranslationalEco-environmentindifferentaspectsanddifferentlevels,andthetranslationmethodscanbeconcludedas"three-dimensionaltransformations",whichincludelinguistic,culturalandcommunicativedimensions.ItiscommonlyacknowledgedthatChineseandEnglishbelongtodifferentlanguagefamilies.TheformerbelongstoSino-TibetansystemandthelattertoIndo-Europeansystem.Eco-translatologically,therearelotsofdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinthetranslator’sadaptiveselectioninthetranslationaleco-environment,sothatitisrequiredtofocusonthetransformationinlinguistic,culturalandcommunicativedimension.5.1AdaptiveSelectioninLinguisticDimensionThelinguisticdimensionisthelanguageforms.Accordingtotheeco-translatology,thelinguistictransformationreferstotranslator'sadaptiveselectionandselectiveadaptationoflanguageformtothetargetlanguageduringtheprocessoftranslation.“Translators'adaptationandselectioninthelinguisticlevel,theformoflanguagehappensindifferentaspectsandatnosamelevels”.(HuGengshen,2004:134)Translator'sadaptationandselectioninlinguisticdimensionoccursindifferentlevelsoflinguisticstructure,rangingfromvocabulary,syntax,semanticsandstylistics.Inthesyntacticlevel,hypostasisandparataxisarethemostimportantlinguistictermsbetweenEnglishandChinese.Asweknow,Chineseseemstoappearlooseinformbutprofoundinmeaning.However,EnglishaboundsinconnectivedeviceswhichconnectthesentenceslogicallyinordertomakeChinesesentencestructureismorelikeachainorastream.Therefore,translator'srecognitionoftheimpliedmeaningorgrammaticalmeaninginthelexicallevelisthefirststeptomakeadaptationsandthenselectpropersyntacticrulestotranslatetheoriginaltextaccordingtothegrammarofthetargetlanguage.Thetranslators’first31 西安理工大学硕士学位论文taskistodelivermeaningaccurately.Below,theauthorwillanalyzeChuTienwen’slinguisticselectiveadaptationwhichiscarriedoutfromthefollowingfouraspects:lexical,syntactic,semanticandstylisticaspects.5.1.1IntheLexicalLevelItiswithoutdoubtthatlexicalfeatureplaysanimportantroleinformingthestyleofatext.Therefore,itdeterminesthequalityofthewholework.Toalargeextent,aproperselectionofawordfromthetranslatormayinfluencetheexpressionofthesourcetextbeautyandverveofthesourcelanguagewhichactuallyliesinthediction.Example1:“宝瓶座,其星座是一个人肩上负着水瓶向下施水,象征柔性,包容,人道与和平。所以未来的宝瓶时代,是柔性生态主义对抗刚性物质主义的时代。”(121)“Aquarius,representedbytheWaterBearer,whosprinkledwaterdownontheworld,symbolizestenderness,tolerance,humanism,andpeace.Therefore,theAgeofAquariuswillbemarkedbyfeminineecologyfightingmasculinematerialism.”(89)Literally,“柔”hasmanyequivalentexpressionsinEnglish,suchastender,mildflexible,plastic,resilient,gentle,soft,yielding,supple,diffusing,subdued,softeningandsoon,and"刚"alsohasmanycorrespondingEnglishwords,suchasinflexible,hard,strong,firm,rigid,stiff,solid.Goldblattunderstoodthetwowords"柔性"and"刚性"whichcontainprofoundmeanings.AsChuT’ienwenhasmentionedthataquariussymbolizestendernessandtolerance,whichareoftenusedtodescribethefemale.Therefore,Goldblattabandonedmanyoptions,andtranslatedthetwowordsinto“feminine”and“masculine”.Selectionofthesetwotermshasplayedanimportantroleindeepeningthethemes.ItcanbeseenthatGoldblattdidhisbesttomaintaintheoriginalmeaningandletthereadersenjoytheauthenticfeeling.However,theirselectionsbringdifferentaestheticfeelingstothetargetreaders.Example2:荒人手记isthetitleofthesourcetext.Here,"荒人"referstothecharacterXiaoShao,whoisspirituallyhelpless,oftenfeelsdepressed,andevenfrustrated.Heisabandonedbythesociety,andalsoabandonshimselftodespair.Therefore,theword“荒”shouldbeasanadjectivetodescribethecharacterXiaoShao.TherearemanyequivalentwordsinEnglish,suchaswasted,deserted,dilapidated,desolate,bedraggled,obsolescent,ruinedandsoon.However,HowardGlodblattpreferstotranslate“荒”into“desolate”.Accordingto"Webster's32 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateManNewDictionaryofSynonyms",theterm“desolate”hasasynonymforthethreegroups:l孤独的，被遗弃的forlorn,lonesome,lone,solitary,lone]y,alone,deserted,forsaken,abandonedl荒芜的,无人烟的,不孕的bare,barren,bald,destitute,poverty-strickenl沮丧的,不开心的miserable,wretched,dismal,dreary,cheerless,dispiriting,bleak.Theinterpretationoftheword“desolate”fromWebster'sNewDictionaryofSynonymsisasfollows:“desolate”ismostextremeinsuggestinginconsolablegriefatlossorbereavement.Theword“desolate”reflectedthehomosexuals’livingconditionsandmentalstate,whoismarginalizedandexiledbysociety.Meanwhile,thiswordemphasizesthetragicthemeofthenovel.ItisrequiredthattranslatorsshouldhavetheabilityofcautiouslydistinguishingtheexactmeaningofthewordsandusetheequivalentwordstotranslateTaiwan.ItcanbefoundthatHowardandSylvia’shandlingsofthistitlearewell-adaptedtotheenvironmentinthetargetlanguage.Example3:我走出戏院,黄寒灯火,沙沙而行"(133)Iwalkedoutofthetheaterandshuffleddownstreetsilluminatedbycold,yellowlights.(99)BecauseofthehugedifferenceinbothEnglishandChinesewritingsymbolssystem,thetargettextalwaystendstoloseoriginalflavorofthesourcelanguage.However,basedonthetranslator'slanguageskills,thetargettexthascreatedthesameeffectasthesourcetext.ThissentencedescribesthecharacterXiaoShao’slonelinessandsadmood,becausehewasdisappointedinaloveaffair.ItisasceneofXiaoShaowhowaswanderingaloneinthestreetatacoldnightinthefall.Therefore,inordertoadapttothiskindofsadatmosphere,thetranslatorHowardGoldblattselectsthisword“shuffledown”tointerpretamongmanyotherselectionssoastomakethecharactermorevivid.Theterm“shuffle”referstowalkwithaslowdraggingmotionwithoutliftingyourfeet.Theexpression“shuffleddownstreetsatnight”notonlymakesthereaderimaginethesceneinthedimlights,butalsohearthesoundoflazilyshufflingwalk,rustlingsoundproducedwhenthefrictionofsoleswiththeroadwasmadebyXiaoShao.Thus,readersbearinmindtheimageofXiaoShao’sdesolationandloneliness.Example4:“稚冲天皇,妇人颜色,楼国梦土,艺术造境”。(159)“Theyoungemperor,broughtupbywomen,wasveryeffeminate:thedreamworldofYamatowasanartisticrealm.”(119)ThissentenceisareviewaboutTheTaleofGenji,whichisaclassicworkofJapanese33 西安理工大学硕士学位论文literaturetoreflectthatwomenhavenorightsandsufferinlifeatthattime."妇人颜色"referstosomeonewhohasfemininityinsteadofthecolorofthewomen’skin.Onthisknowledge-basedbackground,thetranslatortranslateditwiththewordeffeminate,ratherthanthewordfeminine.Itiscanbeconsideredtobeaveryaccuratetranslationoftheoriginalintention.Theterm“feminine”isthemostneutralforwomeninphysiology,anditcorrespondswiththeterm“masculine”.But“masculine”isawordwithaderogativetincture,meaning"frail,weak",anditisusuallyusedtodescribeaman,wholacksmanliness,andissubmissive,indecisive.5.1.2IntheSyntacticlevelNidaclaims,“ForChineseandEnglish,perhapsoneofthemostimportantlinguisticdistinctionsisthecontrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis”.(Nida,1982,16)ThereasonisthatChineseandEnglishbelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamilies.TherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,especiallyintheirsyntacticstructures.Inotherwords,theprominentdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishcouldbeconcludedasparataxisandhypotaxis.(Nida,1982)Theformerfocusesonthesemanticcoherenceandpayinglittleattentiontothesentencestructures,whilethelatterlaysmoreemphasisonapparentcohesionandcoherence,usinglotsofconnectiveforms,suchasadverbs,conjunctions,prepositions,andrelativepronouns.Infact,EnglishisaclassicalhypotacticlanguagewhereasChineseisatypicalparatacticone.Thesedistinctfeaturesaredeeplyembodiedinthesourcetextandthetargettext.Tobeeagertokeepthesyntacticstructureoftheoriginal,translatorsoftenhavetomakeadaptationinaccordancewiththestructuralneedsofthetargetlanguage.Thesuccessorfailureoftheiradaptationatthesyntacticleveldecideswhethertheirtranslationsareclosetothesourcetext.ThankstothegreatdiscrepanciesbetweenChineseandEnglishsyntax,thereismuchspacefortranslatorsinChinese-Englishtranslationtomakeadjustmenttotheoriginal.Toillustratethis,therearesomeexamplesasfollows:Example1:1)我那只是，只是永远永远无法测试的，深渊。（13）Thereisonly,thereisonlytheeternal,theeverlastingabyss.(1)2)往事，往事，如露亦如电（16）。Thepast,thepastwaslikedew,likeelectricity.(3)3)我步行之中，好想，好想折返。(26)Iwalkedamongthem,wanting,longingtoturnback.(12)34 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan4)。。。他再也，再也无法知道了。。。(29)Hehadnomeans,nomeansatall,ofknowing.(14)5)他不断在字里行间放出警讯，太狡诈，太太太狡诈的性意识机制了！(65)Hehabituallyinsertedwarningsignalsinhiswritingabouttheinsidious,theveryveryinsidiousinstitiutionofsexuality(44)6)我们后来并不多的相聚里，除了叙旧，叙旧，仍是叙旧。(73)Lateron,duringourinfrequentreunions,afterreminiscing,wereminiscedsomemore,andthensomemore.(49-50)7)满目只有寂寞，寂寞，一望无边的寂寞。(88)Nothingfilledmyeyesbutloneliness,loneliness,vastandendlessloneliness.(63)Fromexamples1to4,therepetitionofwordsdescribesthepsychologyofthecharacterXiaoShao,whenhischildhoodfriendAhYaowastakenoffbyAIDS.Repeatingthosewordsmakesthecharacterimagemorevivid,whichwashelplessnessandself-denial,self-disgustofhisqueeridentitywhenfacingthedeath.GoldblattselectsthestyletostrengthencharacterXiaoShao’sfeelingsofvulnerabilityandloneliness.Similarly,fromExamples5tofrom7,Goldblattadoptedthespecialwritingstyleofthesourcetext.Repetitioncreatesacharacteristicoffemalewritingandaparticularrhythm.Itseemsthatreaderscanfeelhisinnerintensifiedstruggleandhearthemurmuringofthedesolateman.Goldblatthastriedtokeepthedistinctivewritingstyleswithmorerepetitionofwordsandpauseduringrenderingthisideology-orientednovelinsteadofpursuingcontinuousplotsandclearlogicbytranslatingthemintocomplexsentencesorlongcompound.Example2:“我念道,山！快马加鞭未下鞍,惊回首,离天三尺三。这是长征路上,经骸镂山作的十六字令。原来一位会作诗,一位不作诗,分了两岸风流。”(073)“Ireadapoemfromthecollection:Mountain/Whipmyspeedyhorse,don'tdismount/Lookback,surprised/Theskythreefeetaway.Thenotesaid,Thispoem,inthestyleofasixteen-wordsong,waswrittenaswepassedthroughSkullMountainontheLongMarch.Soonegoodpoetandonelousyonehadsettledonoppositeshores.”(51-52)Itisworthmentioningthat,thesourcesentenceisasixteen-wordsongwrittenbyMaoZedongintheLongMarch(oftheChineseRedArmyin1934-1936).Thediscoursehasasenseofverystrongfuzziness.ButHowardandSylviamanagetoreproducethesamefeelingandmeaningin16words.Thetranslationisclosetothesourcelanguage.35 西安理工大学硕士学位论文5.1.3IntheSemanticsLevelAsweknow,Chineseseemstoappearlooseinformbutprofoundinmeaning.However,Englishaboundsinconnectivedevices,whichconnectthesentencestobemorelogicalinordertomakeChinesesentencestructuremorelikeachainorastream.Therefore,translator'srecognitionofthegrammaticalorimpliedmeaninginthelexicalexpressionisthepreconditionforhimtoadaptatthislevelandthenselectappropriatesyntacticnormstotranslatebyadaptationtothegrammarofthetargetlanguage.Themajortaskoftranslatoristoconveymeaning.Initially,thetranslatorisassumedtoadapttotheoriginalmeaningofthesourcetext.Therefore,thetranslatorfirstlytriestomakeadaptationtothemeaningofawordinasentenceoratextwhereitisrelativelyfixed,andthenselectsadequatewordstoexpressitinthesourcetext.Thispartistoanalyzethetranslationof“tongzi”（同志）andcolorsinthetranslatedworkbasedonthediscussionofthesimilarityinformandfidelityinspirit.5.1.3.1ReferenceLinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Ontheotherhand,therearealsooccasions,whenlinguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.Anexampleisgiventoillustratethis:“然我不参加阿尧的同志运动。阿尧只差没有说，革命尚未成功，同志仍须努力。”(31)“ButInevertookpartinAhYao’scomradelymovement.AhYaocameclosetosaying,therevolutionhasn’tsucceededyet;thecomradesmustcontinuethestruggle.”(25)Inthissentence,theword“同志”hasappearedtwice.Althoughtheyaresimilarinform,therearedifferentmeanings.“Comradelymovement”referstodecriminalizehomosexualsex,another“comrades”actuallymeanseveryone.Inaddition,“therevolution”wasquotedfromSunYat-sen’slastwillandtestament.Here“therevolution”referstothecomradelymovementwhichismentionedintheabovethesentence.Theselectionofwordsusuallydependsonthetranslator’sbackgroundknowledgeorunderstandingofcontext.Whenawordisputinthecontext,itsmeaningwillbespecificandsimple.Therefore,itisnecessaryforthetranslatortotranslateeachwordbydistinguishingcarefullytheexactmeaningoftheoriginaltextandthenselectthemostsuitablewordtouse.Otherwise,itwillresultinambiguityormisunderstanding.36 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan5.1.3.2SynonymyTherearesomewordsthathavethesamemeaningbutexpressdifferentemotionsoftheuser,indicatingthebiasorattitudeoftheusertowardswhattheuseristalkingabout.Itisnotdifficulttofindtheexamplesthathavingthesamemeaningbutexpressdifferentattitude:“所谓同志，queer。新品种的同性恋，骄傲跟旧时代断裂。前爱滋与后爱滋，其间并无连续，气质之异是要开国改元，重新正名的。故而先得厘清楚，不是gay，是queer。阿尧说，queer，怎么样，我就是这个字，我们跟你们，本来不同，何须言异！”(31-32)“Theso-calledcomrades:QUEER.Anewbreedofhomosexuality,aproudbreakwithearliertimes.Thereisnolinkbetweenpre-AIDSandpost-AIDS.Theessentialdifferenceisthecreationofanewage,arectificationofnames.Therefore,itisimportanttomakeacleardistinction;It’snotGay,it’sQUEER.AhYaotaunted,QUEER,sowhat?Iamthatword.Youpeopleandwearefundamentallydifferent,sowhysplithairs?”(25)Inthisparagraph,thethreewords“comrades”,“queer”and“gay”aresynonymousinthattheysharethemeaningof“homosexuality”,buttheydifferinshadeofmeaning.Sincethe1990s,thetermis,however,increasinglyusedtorefertosexualminoritiesinChina,includinglesbian,gay,bisexualandtransgenderpeople(LGBT).ThisuseofthetermwasfirstadoptedattheinauguralLesbianandGayFilmFestivalinHongKongin1989,withtheaimofpresentingsame-sexrelationshipswhicharepositiveandsuggestingsolidaritybetweenLGBTpeople,andalsoprovidinganindigenoustermtocapturetheChineseexperienceofsame-sexlove;italsopunsontóngxìnglìan,theformal(ifclinicalanddisfavored)termforhomosexuality.ItispreferredbyLGBTcommunitiesoverthetermtóngxìnglìan,theformalwordforhomosexuality,whichisseenasbeingtooclinicalandhavingpathologicalconnotations.Theuseoftongzhiovertóngxìnglìanroughlyparallelsthereplacementof"homosexual"with"gay"inthewesterndiscourse.Gayisatermthatprimarilyreferstoahomosexualpersonorthetraitofbeinghomosexual.Thetermwasoriginallyusedtorefertofeelingsofbeing"carefree","happy",or"brightandshowy".Theterm'suseasareferencetohomosexualitymaydateasearlyastothelate19thcentury,butitsusegraduallyincreasedinthe20thcentury.InmodernEnglish,gayhascometobeusedasanadjective,andasanoun,referringtothepeople,especiallytogaymales,andthepracticesandculturesassociatedwithhomosexuality.Inthe16thcentury,queeroriginallymeantstrange,odd,peculiar,oreccentric.Itmightrefertosomethingsuspiciousor"notquiteright",ortoapersonwithmildderangementorwhoexhibitssociallyinappropriatebehavior.Usageofqueerasaderogatorytermforeffeminategay37 西安理工大学硕士学位论文malesbecomesprominentinthe20thcentury.Thesynonymytherearemuchmoreformsandmeanings,soitisverydifficultforthetranslatorstousetheequivalentwordsintranslation.Therefore,itisnecessaryforthetranslatortotranslateeachwordbydistinguishingcarefullytheexactmeaningoftheoriginaltextandthenselectthemostsuitablewordtouse.AlthoughHowardGoldblattandSylviaLi-chunLinselectdifferentwords“queer”,“comrade”and“gay”,theyarethesameinnature.SoHowardGoldblattandSylviaLi-chunLinmakedifferentbutrightselections.5.1.4IntheStylisticsLevel5.1.4.1ClassicalChineseWords/EsotericWordsNotesofaDesolateMancanberatedasthemosttalentedwomannovelincontemporaryChineseliterature,whichnotonlyuseswell-documentedandextensiveevidence,butisalsoinvolvedinclassicalChineseWorks:Example1:“金已齿牙尽失，吴侬软语，银则尚存稀朗门牙，谈吐世故。”(24)“Goldenhadlostallherteeth,whichmadeherslurherworks,whilesilverstillhadherfrontteeth,enablinghertospeakintelligibly.”(29)“齿牙”isawordwritteninthestyleofclassicalChinese.Readerswouldhavethefeelingbothfamiliarandstrange.Itisnoteasytounderstandwhentheyfirstsaw.ThiswordcomesfromanAncientChineseLiteraryWorkHanshu:theBiographyofTung-fangShuo(《汉书·东方朔传》).Tosomeextent,itisakindofinversion.Actuallyitisthemeaningofteeth.Example2:“费多以瞭望原野的姿态望尽天涯路，那是霓虹市招中最高的一座亮著十二F蓬莱宾馆。”(98)“FidolookedupattheneonsignforthePenglaiHotelonthetwelfthfloorofthehighestbuildingintown.”(78)Inthissentence,readersmaybeverypuzzledbytheword“市招”,whichiswrittenwiththevernacularstyleofshopssigns.ReadingChinesepaintings,onthescreenwherethereareshopswheretherearesigns,oftencanbeseensuchas:"tea","wine"word.Anexcellentsigncouldaddbrilliancetoshops,evenawe-inspiringforpeoplesafterwatching.Now,withtheeraprogressing,thisformofsignshavegraduallydecreased.Example3:“我蹑足跟进，谦虚倚在墙侧看他们，不僭越。”(104)38 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan“Isortofslinkedintotheroom,thenstoodmeeklyagainstthewalltowatch,notdaringtogoallthewayin.”(82-83)Theword“僭越”isnotoftenusedinvernacularwriting.Itmeans“beyondthetermsofreference”.InancientChina,itreferstosubordinatesfraudulentuseofsuperiors’fameorimplements.Example4:“我呢，我不过是乡愿的负片，懦弱藏身于幽暗橱柜里，以昼为夜，苟活于纲常人世。”(04)“Andme?Iwasnothingmorethanthenegative,representinghypocrisy,asIhidinadarkclosetlikeacoward,reversingnightandday,livingignoblyamidthenormsofthehumanworld.”(03)Example5:“识破未识破，可说不可说，我们不求闻达于诸侯，但愿苟活在纲常人世。”(175)“Wedidn’tcarewhetherpeopleknewornot,orwhetherwecouldtellthem;wejustwantedtoliveinthisworldofnormsandmores.”(138)FromExamples4and5,theword“纲常”isverydifficulttounderstandforforeignreaders.Etiquetteregulationsandethicalstandardsareframedbyancientgovernorstoconsolidatetheirhierarchyandpatriarchalrelations.Therulesarestandardormodelorpatternwhichisregardedastypical.Gangchangisanabbreviatedformofthetraditional,patriarchalconceptof三纲五常,thethreecardinalguides—rulerguiderssubject,fatherguidersson,husbandguideswife—andthefiveconstantvirtues—righteousness,propriety,benevolence，fidelity，wisdom,andpropriety.Thosewordsreflectthedistinctiveandextremelanguagestyle,andcreateasenseofalienationforreaders.Thisparticularwritingstylecaterstothealienationwhichistheproblemdiscussedtoday.DuetothegreatdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,andtakingthereadabilityofthetranslatorintoaccount,andadheringtotheoriginalalienationtranslationstyle,Mr.Goldblattdidextensiveresearchwhentranslating,inordertomakethetranslationmorefluentandunderstandableforreaders.5.1.4.2Free-labeledSentencesThenovelhasaveryobviousfeatureinwritingskillthatistheusageofnon-routinepunctuation.Quotationmarkswereallmissedinthesourcetext.AsfarasWangDeweiisconcerned,NotesofaDesolateManisa"pseudo-encyclopedic"novel.Accordingtoroughstatistics,inthewholenovel,thereare55namesofworks,Buddhistscriptures,movie,song,dance,magazine,theater,andsoon.ButthereisnooneinaccordancewiththerulesofChinese39 西安理工大学硕士学位论文writingwhichwiththeitalicsorquotationmarkstoidentifyit.Regardlessofcleardemarcationlinebetweennarrativelanguageandreference,thenarrativelanguageintegratedcompletely.Therefore,itisastronginfluenceonthereader'svisualexperience.Example1:妇人说，生时应当快乐，因为死时会死很久。（37）Awomansaid,Onemustbehappywhilealive,fordeathlastsaverylongtime.(21)Example2:我叹，阿尧，你还是不救赎的。阿尧说，救赎是更大的诿过。(25)Isighed.AhYao,youstillwon’trepent,willyou?AhYaosaid,Repentanceisafargreaterevasion.(11)Inthesourcetext,quotationmarksareseldomused,evenduringdialogues.HowardGoldblattandSylviahavemadegreateffortstocreatesuchaphenomenonwhichcapitalizedthefirstwordofthesentence,evenusedthismethodoftranslationafteracomma.Example3:“我们嫌大路，太乡愁了，不够犀利。我们著迷于八又二分之一，而膜拜爱情神话。”(108)“WethoughtLaStradawastoosentimental,notpointedenough;atthetime,wewereobsessedwith8½andweworshippedFelliniSatyricon.”(86)Notonlysomepropernounsaretranslated,butalsotheliteralmeaningsareconveyedinthetargettextbyitalicsinsteadofquotationmarkstoimplyemphasis.Infact,therearethreefilmnamesinabovesentence,“LaStrada”,“8½“and”FelliniSatyricon”respectivelycorrespondingthe“大路”、“八又二分之一”and“爱情神话”.Ifweonlylookattheoriginaltext,wemightconsiderthosewordsasthemoviename,ratherthanthenarrator’slanguage.Thesekindsofphenomenacouldbeseeninthewholenovel.5.1.4.3FeminineLanguage"NotesofaDesolateMan"involvedfiguresarenotmany,mostofthemaregay,womenrarely.WhatdeservementioningisthatChuisaTaiwanwoman,butshe,beyondherfemaleidentity,narratedaman’sstoryinthefirstperson"I".Thisstyleofnarrationcanbedefinedasfemininelanguage,whichliterally"women'swriting,"moreclosely,theinscriptionofthefemalebodyandfemaledifferenceinlanguageandtext.XiaoShaointhisnovelisamale.However,thestrongfemininetemperamentpenetratesintoXiaoShao’sbodysothatitdeterminedthatheplaystheroleofeffeminatehomosexuality.Heboldlyexudeshisownfemininetemperamentsinthenovel:Example1:40 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan“我剖视自己，是一朵阴性的灵魂装在阳性身躯里。”(90)“Idissectedmyself,thebudofafemininesoultrappedinamasculinebody.”(72)Here,HowardGoldblattusedaquantifier“thebudof”todescribeXiaoShao’ssoul.Itfitsinwiththeoriginalmeaningandthecontext,whichcanbeconsideredagoodtranslation.Itmakespeoplethinkofcloudorflowerwhichpureandfresh.Example2:“他像一首印地安人的歌唱著，忽焉美在前,忽焉美在右，忽焉美在左，我走在美中，我就是美。我很讶异，所谓神性，亦即阴性。阳性体呢，他才是那根从亚当身上剥离出来的肋骨。”(88-89)“Nowbeautyisinfront,nowbeautyisontheright,nowbeautyisontheleft.Iwalkinbeauty.Iambeauty.Iamsurprisedtodiscoverthatwhatwecalldivinityisinfactfemininity.Asforthemasculinebody,itistheribtakenfromAdam.”(71)Asweknow,“beauty”isanadjectivetodescribegirlsorladies.Fromthiscase,itindicatedtheusageoffemininelanguage.Whatismore,“theribtakenfromAdam”isnarrator’slogic.Itestablishedasexualidentityforgaymen,whichhasledtothisdistortionofthebiblicalmyth.HowardGoldblattandSylviaLi-chunLintrytheirbesttoretaintheoriginalmeaninginordertoletthereadersenjoytheauthenticfeeling.5.2AdaptiveSelectioninCulturalDimensionTransformationinculturaldimensionplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocessoftranslating.Translatorfocusesonthetransmissionandinterpretationofbilingualandbiculturalconnotationinthetranslationprocess.Therearebigdifferencesexistingbetweensourcelanguagecultureandtargetlanguageculture.Forthepurposeofavoidingtargetreaders'misunderstandingofthetargettextfromtheviewpointofthesourcetextinculturallevel,thetranslatorshouldlaystressnotonlyonthebilingualsystembutalsoonthebiculturalsystem,andappropriatelyhandlewiththeculture-loadedfactors.Allinall,thetranslatorshouldlaymoreemphasisonthetransformationofculturalconnotationsandconcernthelinguisticsystemtotheentireculturalsystemintheprocessoftranslation.Inthetranslationalcircles,mostscholarswouldapprovethattranslationactivitiescoveranintricateinterplayofcultural,social,cognitiveandlinguisticprocesses.Theirownunderstandingaboutthemselvesandtheircultureisthemajorfactordirectlyinfluencingtheirtranslations.EdwardT.Hall(1977:16)maintainsthateveryaspectofhumanlifeisalteredand41 西安理工大学硕士学位论文affectedbyculture.ChristianNord(2001:34)discussedthattheprocessoftranslatingreferstotheprocessofcomparingcultures,thatistosay,interpretingsource-culturephenomenabasedonone’sownexperienceofthatculture,fromeveryaspectofthetargetculture.SunYifenghasproposedthat“Cultureisbothacommunicationbarrierandatransmissionfilter,duringtheprocessoftranslation.Readers’nativeculturefunctionsasculturalfilterstounderstandforeigntexts”.(SunYifeng,2004:27)Asweallknow,languageishighlylinkedwithculture.Therefore,duringtheprocessoftranslation,atranslatorissupposednotonlytotransformthesurfacemeaningsofthelanguage,butalsotothewholeculturalsystem,andthetranslatorshouldpayattentiontotheexchangeofthetwodifferentcultures.Translatinglanguageinnaturemeanstranslatingculture.Eco-translatologymaintainsthatatranslatorissupposedtoselectandadaptatculturaldimension.Inotherwords,translatorshouldkeepculture-consciousallthewayalong,realizingthattranslationisabridgetoconnectdifferentlanguagesofdifferentculturesandtryingtheirbesttodecreasetheculturalbarrierstoensurethequalityofthetranslation.WhenhandlingwiththeculturallyloadedwordsandexpressionsinNotesofaDesolateMan,Goldblattadopteddifferentmethodsindifferentsituations.Thefollowingpartprovidesabriefanalysisinthreeaspectswhichinclude:poetry,idiomsandreligiousterms.5.2.1ThePoetryChusparednoefforttoshowthe"red-greenpigmentPeriodicTable",andlistedadifferentnamewhichcontainsonlyverysubtledifferencesaboutredandgreenmorethan140species.Forexample:“鲸鬣红,城上闪闪鲸鬣红。嘴初红,养来鹦鹉嘴初红。水底红,初日圆圆水底红。蛮锦红,窄衣短袖蛮锦红。桃毁红,妆成桃毁红。拔刺红,惊鼓跳鱼拔刺红。剪来红,清香拂袖剪来红。兽焰红,松火红,宿烧红,大谷红,腮上红,后霜红,踟蹰红,海绡红,舍利红,宫花寂寞红.半折红,半丈红,一窗红,一点红,一笑红,蜡想歌时一炉红,黄金拳拳两鬓红,何处飞来十二红.”(82-83)英译如下:“Whalefinred,theredcolorofwhalefinsshiningoverthecity.Lipsjustturningred,theyoungredbeakofahouseparrot.Redunderthewater,theroundmorningsunturnsthewaterred.Barbarianbrocadered,anarrowblousewithshortsleevesinbarbarianbrocadered.Spoiledpeachred,puttingonmake-upinspoiledpeachred.Flappingfishred,startlingdrumbeatsmakethefishjumpandflapitsredfins.Cutflowerred,lightfrangrancefromredcutflowerscaressingthesleeve.Beastfirered,pine-flamered,lodge-burningred,bigvalleyred,redonthe42 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateMancheek,redafterthefrost,azaleared,mermaidsilkred,Buddhistrelicred,lonelyredofthepalaceflowers.Peekingundergarmentred,five-footred,awindowofred,aspeckofred.asmilingred,theburningredofthecandleatsongtime,redongoldhairpinsatthetemples,thetwelvekindsofredthatflyinfromnowhere.”(66)Theredandgreenpigmentperiodictable,thisisacolorofredandgreen,twocolorquotedfromancientChinesepoetry.Itwillbeillustratedinthenextparagraph.AsforChudeliberatevisualimagerysensorydescription,Goldblattmadeeffortstoovercometheculturalobstaclestoensurethesmoothnessoftheexchange.Flappingfishred"fromtheTangDynastypoetBaijuyiofFanTaiHuShuShiJiWeiZhi《(泛太湖书事寄微之》),"Flappingfishred,startlingdrumbeatsmakethefishjumpandflapitsredfins"(避旗飞鹭翩翻白,惊鼓跳鱼拔刺红)".Flappingfishred"isonomatopoeiatodescribethesoundswhenbirdsareflyingandfishesjumping.Itisvisibletranslatorwhoisdoingalotofresearch."Azaleared"comesfromSendtoLiBowrittenbyZhangJioftheTangDynasty.thefirsttwosentencesof“五度溪头踟蹰红,嵩阳寺里讲时钟”。"Azalea"actuallyisthenameofaflower,andbelongstorhododendrongenusbranch.Itisalsoknownas"yellowazalea".Itsscientificnameissheep-loiteredAzalea.Goldblattunderstoodthemeaningcorrectly,thentranslatedas"azalea".IntheWest,azaleaisbeautifulimagery,andtherefore,Azaleaisalsousedasawomen’sname.Additionally,the"mermaidsilkred"comesfromtheTangDynastypoetLiHe'spoetryTheKingofTheQinDynastydrinksWine.Tworelatedpoemsare“花楼玉凤声娇狞,海绢红文香浅清”.Here“mermaidsilk”isalsoknownas“dragonyarn”.Accordingtotheancientlegend,dragonyarniswovenbymermanwhoistheshark,fishbody.Here,themermanreferstomermaid.ChinaancientrecordsthatthesharkistheWesternmythofmermaid,itproducedahandkerchief,intothewaterisnotwet,andwhentheycry,tearscanbeturnedintopearls.Eventhoughfacingculturalandlinguisticchallenges,HowardGoldblattandSylviaaredotheirbesttokeepfaithfultotheoriginalstructure.JustasGoldblatthasmentionedintheTranslators’Preface,“striventoadhereascloselyaspossibletotheoftenidiosyncraticsemanticsandgrammaticalstructureoftheoriginal”.(Goldblatt,1999)Afterall,therearegreatdifferencesinculturesbetweenChineseandWestern.Thegracefulmoodofthesourcetextisdifficulttoreproduceinthetranslation.ThenuancesamongcolorsinChinesehavebeendisplayedbycarefulchosenequivalences.AndthecolorsfromancientChinesepoetryareallpreservedinthetranslationeveniftheimagesarealientothetargetaudiences.Example2:“我满面于思，气味酸浊，怨怪之情溢于言表。”(130)43 西安理工大学硕士学位论文“Iwasunshavenandsmelledterrible;complaintspouredfrommymouth.”(103)“思”isnotmeanstoconsidersomethinginthissentence,andactually,itisequivalenttotheword“腮”intheancientChineseprose,andreferstoamanwithfullbeardontheface.ItcomesfromancientworkTsoChuan(《左传》)：“于思于思，弃甲复来”.Therefore,itisquiteafairtranslation.NottomentionthequotationsandallusionsfromtheChineseancientworks,evenforChinesepeoplewhowanttounderstandwellisnoteasy.Throughthecomparisonbetweenthesourcetextandtargetversions,makesitmoreclearthatthetranslatorshavemadegreateffortstoexpresstheoriginalmeaning.AnexcellentEnglishproficiencyandagoodunderstandingofthethemeguaranteethereproduction.5.2.2TheIdiomsTheidiomsarethedepositoftheculture,andtheiroccurrenceisattributedtothepeople’slong-timepractices.Example1:“是的，我来了，我看见，我征服，凯撒进入罗马城时千古一叹。”(82)“Yes,veni,vidi,vici,thecommentofJuliusCaesarasheenteredRome,asighthathasbeenhandeddownthroughtheages.”(65)Theexpression“我来了，我看见，我征服”hasbeentranslatedas“veni,vidi,vici”byGoldblattinsteadof“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered”.Thereasonwhyheselectedthiswordwasjusttoconveytheoriginalmeaningandletthetargetreadersknowwhatwasexactlyfeltatthattime.ThisexpressioncouldbetracedbacktotheletterwhichJuliusCaesarwrotetotheRomanSenateafterachievingvictoryinhisshortwaragainstPharnacesIIofPontusinthecityofZelaaround46B.C."Veni,vidi,vici"isaLatinsentencephrase.Atthispoint,hehadcontroloftheknownRomanworld.Thephrasereferstoaswift,conclusivevictory.Veni,vidi,andviciarefirstpersonperfectformsofthethreeLatinverbsvenire,videre,andvincerewhichmean"tocome","tosee",and"toconquer"respectively.Itsformisclassedasatricolonandahendiatris.ThesentenceappearsinPlutarchandSuetonius.Plutarchreportsthathe"gaveAmantius,afriendofhisatRome,anaccountofthisaction",whereasSuetoniussays"InHisPontictriumphhedisplayedamongtheshow-piecesoftheprocessionaninscriptionofbutthreewords,'Icame,Isaw,Iconquered;'".Example2:“整部电影用魔术时间拍成的都市夜景，霓虹灯纵溢横流，丛林建筑体，营塑出这座颓圯之城，香蕉共和国。”(140)44 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan“Intheduskofacitycapturedinthecameralensatthismagichour,neonlightsfloodingthelandscapeandbuildingstoweringliketreescreateadecadentatmosphereofthecity,abananarepublic.”(110)“Bananarepublic”isaneconomicsystemandbelongstoasingleeconomy(usuallyeconomiccropssuchasbananas,cocoa,coffee,etc.),withundemocraticorunstablegovernments,particularlythederogatorynamesofthosecountrieswithextensivecorruptionandstrongforeignforcestointervene.Usually,itreferstoasmallcountryinCentralAmericaandtheCaribbean.Therefore,“bananarepublic”isapunonTaiwan’sfamousbanana-exportindustry,combinedwiththeisland’sstatusasa“republic,”andonthe“bananarepublic”natureundertheChiangKai-shekrule.Here,HowardGoldblattusedliteraltranslationinaveryconcisewaytoconveythegeneralideaoftheparagraphinacompleteandunabridgedwaytothetargetreaders.5.2.3TheReligiousTermsBuddhismwasintroducedintotheHanpeoplearoundthefirstcentury.Thedoctrinethatthewholeuniversewasunrealsharedcommongroundwiththeideologyoftherulingclass,whojustifiablyhelpedthedisseminationofBuddhismbybuildingtemples,monasteriesandtranslatingBuddhistsutras.IntheSuiandTangDynasties,Buddhismhaddevelopedintoitsmeridianperiod.InChina,Taoismwasanativereligion.ThegreatmasterLao-tzuisthechiefrepresentative.HewasconsideredasthefirstancestorofTaoism.TaoismwasreveredasareligionfortheroyalfamilyintheTangDynasty,whichisabsorbedbyBuddhism.TheChinesereligiondevelopedfromConfucianismandothertraditionalcultures.IthadgreateffectonChineseculture.Therearelotsofreligioustermsstillusedinpeople'sdailylife.Thefollowingexampleswerethereligioustermsandtheirtranslations.“原来如此，观音十二愿，普贤十大愿，释迦五百愿，地藏本愿。原来熟人在此，‘众生度尽，方证菩提，地狱未空，誓不成佛。’典出这里的，地藏菩萨本愿经。”(45)“Thisishowitwas:Guangyin’stwelvevows,Samantabhadra’stengreatvows,Sakyamuni’sfivehundredvows,Ksitigarbha’soriginalvow.Thisiswherefriendcanbefound.‘Whenallsentientbeingshavebeensaved,theBodhi’sexistencewillbeproved;notuntilhellisemptywillhebecomesaBuddha.’ItwastheSutraoftheKsitigarbhaBodhisattva’sOriginalVowwherethisappeared.”(36)InChineseBuddhism,“愿”referredtoasolemnpledge(tooneselfortoanotherortoadeity)todosomethingortobehaveinacertainmanner,whereastheword“vow”wasaconcept45 西安理工大学硕士学位论文fromWesternChristianity.Obviously,Mr.Goldblattadoptedthetechniqueofdomestication,whichwastarget-textoriented.HeaimedatmakinghistranslationeasilyunderstoodbythenativeEnglishreaders.5.3AdaptiveSelectioninCommunicativeDimensionAccordingtoeco-translatology,inadditiontotheothertwomajordimensionsstatedabove,atranslatorshouldalsoadaptiveselectincommunicativedimension.Justasthenameimplies,inthetranslationprocess,theadaptiveselectionofbilingualcommunicativeintentionshouldbetakenintoconsiderationbytranslators.Thisisadaptationtransformationofcommunicativedimension.Inadditiontotransformingtheculturalconnotationandlanguageinformation,thetranslatoralsohastolaymorestressesoncommunicativedimension,whichfocusesonwhetherthecommunicativeintentisderivedfromthesourcetextandembodiedinthetargettextornot.AstothetranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan,Goldblattcombinedhigherlevelandlowerlevelofadaptationandselectiontomakethesourcetext’saimofcommunicationrealized.5.3.1HigherLevelofAdaptationandSelectionThehugedifferencesexistbetweenChineseandWesternculturessothatthetargetreadersmaybeledtomisunderstandingorevenincomprehensibilitybyword-for-wordtranslation.Asaboveanalyzed,theprocessofthetranslationisnotlikedeliveringgoodsdirectlyfromonecountrytoanother.Actually,translatorneedstounpackthegoodsfirstandthenpackthemagainsoastomakethemreadaptedtothetargetmarket.Therearethreestandardsofdegreeofholisticadaptationandselectionwhichcanbesummarizedasreader’sresponse,translator’scompetenceandmulti-dimensionaltransformations.Certainly,translator’scompetencealsoreflectsthattranslator-centerednessisakeyconceptinthetheoryofeco-translatology.Translatoraimstoachievethemostfundamentalgoaloftranslationbytakingtheinitiativetoadaptandselect,whichistomakeinterculturalcommunicationoccur.Example1:“妈妈从小过继给她姨母，姨夫入赘。”(207)“Mamahadbeenraisedbyanauntandherhusband,whohadmarriedintothefamilyandtakenhername.”(164)“入赘”isaChinesephrasedescribedasaformofalegacywhatmeanstobecomeason-in-lawwholivesinthewife'shomeandassumestheroleofasoninmatriarchalsociety.46 HowardGoldblatt’sAdaptiveSelectionintheTranslationofNotesofaDesolateManHere,HowardGoldbalttgivesenoughexplanationbytakingtheinitiativetomakeadaptationandselection,actasacommunicativebridge,toconveythemeaningofeverywordfaithfully,inordertomakethetargetreadersunderstanditmoreeasier.Example2:“曾经，一伙人奔相走告聚齐了，窃听不知打哪儿录来的带子，民谣，小调，管弦乐演奏的梁祝，穆桂英挂帅。”(67)“Onedayearlyon,thewordwentoutforagroupoffriendstogettogethertolisteninsecrettomainlandmusicsomeonehadrecordedfromsomewhere—folksongs,ditties,‘TheButterflyLovers’performedbyastringorchestra,and‘MuGuiyoingBecomingaGeneral.’”(53)“带子”canbeliterallytranslatedinto“belt”and“band”.However,“带子”isanexpressioninChinaequivalentto“tape”inmeaning.HowardGoldblatttranslated“带子”as“mainlandmusic”,thereisareasonforthis,listeningtomusic(aswellasallotherpublic“contact”)frommainlandChinawasillegalbeforetheyearof1987.Therefore,Mr.Goldblattchosethisexpression,butithadbettertoaddsomeexplanationinordertomakethecommunicationmoresmoothandeasies.5.3.2LowerLevelofAdaptationandSelectionInthetranslationofNotesofaDesolateMan,thetranslatorsHowardGoldblattandSylviaLinalwayshavetacitagreementsandarequitesuccessfulincommunication.However,therearestillafewsentenceswhichmayneedtofurtherinterpret.Insuchacase,thereasonsforlowerdegreeofadaptationandselectioncanbeconcludedintothreepoints:clumsylogic,misinterpretationduetomisunderstanding,andword-for-wordtranslationwithoutenoughexplanation.Example1:“我乍然醒悟原来费多的咖啡算命法,大约就是这样罢.”(113)“SuddenlyIrealizedthatthismustbehowFidotoldfortuneswithhiscoffee-orwasithiscomputer?”(89)Infact,“orwasithiscomputer”doesnotexistinthesourcetext.ThereasonwhyGoldblattaddedthisphraseinthetargettextthatjustwanttoconveytheoriginalmeaningcorrectlyandletthetargetreadersknowwhatwasexactlyhappeningincommunication.Translationistoaddthissentencetokeepconsistentwiththeprecedingparagraphs,asmentionedinpage82.Itisdifficulttotellfortune-tellingbycoffeeorcomputers,sohereitismentionedagain,aimingtomaketheplotcoherent.47 西安理工大学硕士学位论文Example2:“也许我说了，不走吗？费多已摘下耳机，酷酷的牵动一下眉睫，说走呀……”(92)“MaybeIsaid,Aren’tyoucoming?Fidohadalreadytakenoffhisearphones;nowheraisedhiseyebrows,lookingverycool,andsaid,Sure.”(74)Intheoriginaltext,XiaoShaometFidoinasmallcaféandhasacrushonhim.Hewastooshytoexpresshismind.UntilXiaoShaowasgoingtoleave,heaskedtoFidoinahurry,“Aren'tyoucoming?”Fidoanswered"Sure".InEnglishtranslation,Mr.Goldblatttranslatedinto“Aren'tyoucoming?”insteadof“You'releavingnow”.Obviously,itisn’tawrongtranslatedsentence,butthetranslatorintentionallychangedthetranslation.This,seemingly,isnotequivalenttotheoriginaltext.Infact,itisveryconsistentwiththeoriginalmeaningexpressed,andleavesaspaceforreaderstoimagine.“Aren'tyoucoming?”herecanbeinterpretedintwoways.Thefirstoneis“doyoustillcome",hissubtextis"Iloveyou,andhopetoseeyouhereagain";Second,thephraseimpliesavagueinvitationbetweenhomosexuals,thuscreatinginthestoryasenseofsuspense.Readersareverycuriousabouttheepisode,whatmighthappenbetweenthetwo?ItcanbefoundthatHowardandSylvia’shandlingsofthisdialoguearewell-adaptedtotheenvironmentinthetargetlanguage.48 ConclusionChapterSixConclusionEco-translatologyisnotonlyanewapproachtotranslationfromtheperspectiveofecology,butalsobroadensthevisionoftranslationstudies.Itputsparticularemphasisonthetranslator’ssubjectivityintheprocessoftranslationandhis/herselectionandadaptationinhistranslationaleco-environment.6.1MajorFindingsAccordingtoprofessorHu’seco-translatologyanditsfundamentaltheory“anapproachtotranslationasadaptationandselection”,theauthorofthisthesismakesaresearchonGoldblatt'stranslationofNotesofaDesolateManthroughathoroughanalysisofthetranslator’sadaptiveselectionandselectiveadaptationinhistranslationaleco-environment.Theresearchshowsthatsomefindingscanbesummarizedasfollows:First,itturnsoutthatHowardGoldblattdoeswellinselectiveadaptationtotheeco-environment,andthatHowardGoldblatt’sadaptiveselectionisrealizedinlinguistic,culturalandcommunicativedimensions.Hisadaptationandselectioninlinguisticdimensionoccursindifferentlevelsoflinguisticstructure,rangingfromvocabulary,syntax,semanticsandstylistics.Inculturaldimension,Goldblattfocusesonthetransmissionandinterpretationofbilingualandbiculturalconnotationinthetranslationprocess.Thetranslatoralsomakesgreateffortstoderivethecommunicativeintentfromthesourcetextandembodiedinthetargettext.Itisobviousthatthetranslatormakesdifferentselectiveadaptationandadaptiveselectionundertheconstrainttranslationaleco-environment.Hesurvivesastheresultoftheselectionofhistranslationaleco-environment.Therefore,HowardGoldblattsuccessfullybroadcastedChinesecultureandChineseliteraturetothetargetreadersandNotesofaDesolateMangothighpopularityintheforeigncountries.Second,translationisnotasimplyrenderedfromonelanguageintoanother.Instead,itisanactivitywhichinvolveslotsoffactors,suchasinfluencesofdifferentsocialbackgroundandcultures,thetranslator'sinternalneedsandhiscompetence.Third,Eco-translatologygivesaneffectivetheoreticalguidanceforastudyofNotesofaDesolateManaswellasHowardGoldblatt’sadaptiveselectioninthetranslatingprocessinthelinguistic,culturalandcommunicationdimensions,whichinterpretsandverifiesthefeasibilityandinterpretationpowerofeco-translatology.49 西安理工大学硕士学位论文6.2LimitationsAsthesayinggoes,"Goldcan'tbepureandmancan'tbeperfect".Therearealsosomelimitationsanddeficienciesinthisthesis.First,eco-translatologyisacomparativelynewly-borntheoryintranslationstudies,soitneedsmoreempiricalresearchesandfurtherdevelopment.Second,thereisonlyoneEnglishversionforNotesofaDesolateMan,sotheauthorcannotdoacomparativeanalysisofotherdifferentversions.Itisapity.Finally,itisveryhardtocollectthefirst-handdataandmaterialsadequately.Sothereismuchspaceforresearchesoneco-translatologyandNotesofaDesolateMan.50 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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsTheprocessofwritingthethesisisaveryhardtime,butIhavefinisheditsuccessfullyeventually.SoIamverythankfulforthosewhohavehelpmealotduringthetimeofwritingthethesis.Firstofall,Iwanttogivemygreatgratitudeandthankstomysupervisor,ProfessorLiqingming.Inthishardandlongprocessofwritingthisthesis,hehasexertedallhisenergiestogivemegreatencouragementandvaluablesuggestions.What’smore,hehasalsocontinuouslyguidedmetodothisresearchdeeply.Withouthiscarefulguidance,thethesiscouldnothavebeenprecededsmoothly.Next,myappreciationalsogoesforalltheteacherswhohavetaughtme,suchasProfessorSonggairong,Yinpian,JialipingandChemingming,andotherinfluentialteachers.Ihavebenefitedalotfromtheirclasses.Besides,Ialsowanttothankforallmyclassmatesandallmybrothersandsistersinschool.Theygivememuchusefulinformationaboutmyresearch;somanymaterialscomefromthem.Finally,Igivemydeeplythankstomydearfamilymembersandfriends,whomakemeconcentratedonmyresearchandletmefeltthewarmestlovetocontinuemystudy.55 西安理工大学硕士学位论文56 AchievementsAchievements徐娜.葛浩文的文化身份与《米》的翻译研究[J].英语广场（学术研究）,2014年第二期：42-43.57
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