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1、MachineTranslationSergeiNirenburgandYorickWilksAbstract.Thispapergivesanintellectualoverviewofthefieldofmachinetranslationofnaturallanguages.At50,thisfieldisoneoftheoldestnonnumericalapplicationsofcomputers.Overtheyears,MThasbeenafocusofinvestigationsbylinguists,psychologists,philosophers,computersc
2、ientistsandengineers.ItwillnotbeanexaggerationtostatethatearlyworkonMTcontributedverysignificantlytothedevelopmentofsuchfieldsascomputationallinguistics,artificialintelligenceandapplication-orientednaturallanguageprocessing.AdvancesinComputersfollowedthedevelopmentofMTclosely;aseminalarticleonMTbyYe
3、hoshuaBarHillelwaspublishedinitsveryfirstissue.ThispapersurveysthehistoryofMTresearchanddevelopment,brieflydescribesthecrucialissuesinMT,highlightssomeofthelatestapplicationsofMTandassessesitscurrentstatus.1.IntroductionMachinetranslationofnaturallanguages,commonlyknownasMT,hasmultiplepersonalities.
4、Firstofall,itisavenerablescientificenterprise,acomponentofthelargerareaofstudiesconcernedwiththestudiesofhumanlanguageunderstandingcapacity.Indeed,computermodelingofthoughtprocesses,memoryandknowledgeisanimportantcomponentofcertainareasoflinguistics,philosophy,psychology,neuroscienceandthefieldofart
5、ificialintelligence(AI)withincomputerscience.MTpromisesthepractitionersofthesesciencesempiricalresultsthatcouldbeusedforcorroborationorrefutationofavarietyofhypothesesandtheories.ButMTisalsoatechnologicalchallengeofthefirstorder.Itoffersanopportunityforsoftwaredesignersandengineerstodabbleinconstruc
6、tingverycomplexandlarge-scalenon-numericalsystemsandforfieldcomputationallinguists,anopportunitytotesttheirunderstandingofthesyntaxandsemanticsofavarietyoflanguagesbyencodingthisvast,thoughrarelycomprehen-sive,knowledgeintoaformsuitableforprocessingbycomputerprograms.Tocomplicatethingsevenfurther,MT
7、hasastrongconnectionwiththeneedsofmodernsociet-ies.Ithascometobeunderstoodasaneconomicnecessity,consideringthatthegrowthofinter-nationalcommunicationkeepsintensifyingbothatgovernment(EuropeanUnion,NAF
