最简方案下的现代汉语兼语句句法研究

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郑州大学硕士学位论文最简方案下的现代汉语兼语句句法研究姓名：马彩燕申请学位级别：硕士专业：外国语言学及应用语言学指导教师：杨广俊201105 摘要兼语句是现代汉语中的一种重要的特殊句式，其形式为NPl+VPl+NP2+VP2。其中，NP2似乎既是VPl的宾语又是VP2的主语。对于兼语句中NP2的双重功能，至今仍然没有一个合理的定论。传统的汉语语法学家主要从描述层面分析兼语句，而对于兼语句的定义和范围至今也没有一个统一的说法。综合袁芳(2008)和武瑞丰(2009)对于兼语句的定义，本文的第一章首先把兼语句限定为兼语动词VPl含有[+致使]特征的句子。除了界定兼语句的范围之外，第一章还涉及了本篇论文的研究问题，研究意义以及论文的大致结构安排。第二章回顾了前人对于兼语句的研究，并对他们的研究做出了评价。第三章是本文所采用的理论框架。由于并不是所有形式为NPl+V_Pl州P2+Ⅵ，2的句子都是兼语句，所以第四章作者把兼语句与其形式相似的相关句式作了区分，包括连动句，双宾语句，主谓短语作宾语结构以及同动句。第五章是兼语句的句法分析，在本章作者首先给出了兼语结构的推导生成然后分析了其形成动因。最后一章是本文的主要发现，本篇研究的不足及其启示。本文与之前的研究的不同之处在于，它采用了最简方案框架下的包括移位的拷贝理论，谓词主语内嵌假说，动词分裂说等理论。通过研究发现，汉语兼语句中也存在低层拷贝的实现。当兼语句中NP2的最高拷贝和它的低层拷贝之间插入大量的修饰性状语时，它的低层拷贝也能在语音层面得到实现。根据移位的拷贝理论，我们还发现，兼语句中的NP2只是VPl的宾语，被核查删除的低层拷贝才是VP2的主语。关键词：兼语句；最简方案；拷贝 AbstractThebi—constituentconstructioniSaspecialbutimportantsentencesmlctureinmodemChinese，patterning“NPl+VPl+NP2+VP2”．Inthisconstruction，NP2seemstobeboththeobjectofVPlandthesubjectofVP2．Sofar,notasatisfiedanalysisonthedoublefunctionofNP2hasbeenachieved．ThetraditionalChinesegrammariansmainlyanalyzethebi—constituentconstructionatthedescriptivelevel，andeventodaynotaunifieddefinitionandadefinitescopeoftheconstructionhavebeenachieved．InthefirstchapterofthisthesistheauthorfirstcombinesthedefinitionsofthisconstructionbyYuanFang(2008)and厮，Ruifeng(2009)andthusconfnesthebi-constituentconstructiontothosewhosematrixverbsVPlhavethefeatureof【+cause]．Inadditiontothescopeofthebi—constituentconstruction，ChapterOnealsogivesresearchquestions，significanceofthisstudy,andtheorganizationofthisthesis．InChapterTwotheauthorreviewsthepreviousstudiesonthebi．constituentconstructionandgivescommentsontheiranalyses．ChapterThreeisthetheoreticalframeworkadoptedinthisthesis．Fornotallthesentenceswi也thepatternof‘‘NPl+VPI+NP2+VP2”canberegardedasthebi-constituentconstruction,inChapterFourtheauthordistinguishesthebi-constituentconstructionfromothersentences协Jctures，includingserialverbconstruction，doubleobjectconstruction,thesubject—predicateobjectconstruction，andsimultaneousverbsentence．ChapterFiveiSthesyntacticanalysisofthebi-constituentconstruction．Inthischaptertheauthorfirstderiyestheconstructionandthengivesthemotivationofsuchderivation．Thelastchaptefismajorfindingsofthisresearchandalsothelimitationsandtheimplicationsofthisresearch．Comparedwiththepreviousresearches，thisthesisadoptsthelatesttheorieswithintheMinimalistProgram，includingtheCopyTheoryofMovement，thePredicate—InternalSubjectHypothesis，andsplitVPanalysis．Basedonthesetheoriestheauthoranalyzesthederivationofthebi．constituentconstructionandthemotivationofsuchderivation．InthisresearchtheauthorfindsthatinChinesethereII 垒皇!堕!—一一_一_●——-_--—●———_———_——————————————一一锄．ealsoinstancesoftherealizationofthelowercopyinthebi·constituentconstmCtion．111elowercopYofNP2inabi-constituentsentenceCallbephoneticallyrealizedifthereisheavyadverbialphrasebetweenthehighestcopyofNP2andits10wcrcopy．FollowingtheCopyTheoryofMovement，theauthoralsofindsthatNP2iustfhnctionsastheobjectofVPIinabi—constituentsentenceanditsdeletedlowercopyfunctionsasthesubjectofVP2．KeyWords：thebi-constituentconstruction；theminimalistprogram；copyIII Abbreviations★ASPBCCCHCLCOMCPDETD(et)DoCDPECMEPPI(nfl)LFMPNPIPPPF．PISHSIMVCSpecSPoCSUBungrammaticalaspectbi．constituentconstructioncomplementchainclassifiercomplementcomplementizerphrasedeterminer(head)doubleobjectconstructiondeterminerphraseExceptionalCaseMarkingExtendedProjectionPrinciple‘inflection(head)LogicalForm[semanticcomponent】MinimalistProgramnounphraseinflectionphraseperfecttensePhoneticForm[phoneticcomponent】Predicate—InternalSubjectHypothesissimultaneousverbsentencespecifiersubject—predicateobjectconstructionsubjectVT AbbreviationsSVCtTTPU砌VVP讦PQUGserialverbconstructiontracetensephraseUniformTheta-roleAssignmentHypothesislightverbphraselightverbphrasepasttensemarkerquantifierIJniversalGrammarVII ChapterOneIntroduction1．1ConfiningtheBi—constituentConstructionInmodernChinese，thereisaspecialsentencepatternnamedbi-constituentconstructionpatterning‘‘NPl+VPl+NP2+VP2”．Inthisconstruction，NP2seemstobeardoubleidentitywithinasentence．Thefollowingisatypicalexample：(1)MamajiaoWOquxuexiao．MumaskIgoschool‘'Mumaskedmetogotosch001．’’Apparently,hatheabovesentenceNPI‘'mama'’(Mum)functionsasthesubjectofthewholesentence，VPI‘'jiao”(ask)andVP2“qu'’(go)arethepredicates，buthowtoaccountforthefunctionofNP2，thedementbetweenthetwopredicates?IsittheobjectofVPl，orsubjectofVP2，orfunctionsasbothofthem?Semantically,NP2isthelogicalobjectofVPlandthelogicalsubjectofVP2鹪well．Buthereneedsareasonableandjustifiedexplanationofitssyntacticalinterpr．etation．Itmayalsobenoticedthatnotallsentenceswiththepatternof‘'NPl“伊l+NP2“佃2’’canberegardedastheBCconstruction,likethefollowingsentencesin(2)．(2)(a)Womenqujiaoshikanshu．Wegototheclassroomreadbooks·'Wewenttotheclassroomtoreadbooks．’’(b)Woringshuonishengbingle．IhearyoubeillASP‘'Iheardthatyouwerei11．”(C)Wodayingbamingtianhuijia．IpromiseDadtomorrowreturnhome‘"1promisesDadtoreturnhometomorrow．’’(d)MamapeiWOquyiyuan．MumaccompanyIgohospital ChapterOneIntroduction‘'Mumaccompaniedmetohospital．’’In(2)，allthefoursentencescallbelabeled嬲thestructureof‘‘NPl+VPl+NP2+VP2”，butnoneofthemareBCsentences．(2a)istermedasserialverbconstruction(hereaftersvc)，andthetwoverbs‘'qu”(go)and‘'／can”(read)sharethesamesubject“WOmen”(we)，whichmeansthatthetwoactionsarecarriedoutbythesamesubject“WOmen”(we)(InSVCtheremayhavemorethantwoverbs，butheretheauthorjusttalksaboutSVCwithtwoverbs)．(2b)isregarded鹪asentence而masubject-predicateobject(hereafterSPO)，whoseobjectisallembeddedclausewithcompletesentencestructure．Inthissentence，thesubjectis‘'WO’’(I)，thepredicateis‘‘t／ngshuo’’(hear)，andtheobjectisaclause‘'hishengbingle"’(youarei11)．(2c)iscalledadoubleobjectconstructionwimtwoobjects，namelyNP2‘'baba”(Dad)andVP2‘"mingtianhuijia”(returnhometomorrow)．Inthissentence，VP2isregardedasagerundratherthanaverbOCuanFang,2007：28)．Exceptfortheverb‘'day／ng'’(promise)，‘'yunXU’’(permit)，‘‘tongyi"’(agree)，and“chengnuo”(promise)，etcCanalsoformdoubleobjectconstructioninChinese．(2d)isidentified勰asimultaneousverbsentence，forthesubjectofthefirstpredicateVPl‘9er'(accompany)is“mama”(Mum)，whilesemanticallythesubjectofthesecondpredicateVP2‘'qu”(go)isbomNPI‘"mama”(Mum)andNP2‘'wo”(I)．Thatistosay,theaction‘加，’(accompany)iscarriedoutbyNP!‘"mama”(Mum)，andtheaction‘'qu”(go)iscarriedoutbyboth‘'mama"(Mum)and‘'WO”(I)．Asfortheconcretedifferencesofthesessentencestructures，theauthorwilldiscussthemintheensuringchapters。Sincethesurfacestructure‘NPl+VPl+NP2+VP2”mayincludesentencestructuresotherthantheBCconstruction(illustratedintheabove)，definiterestrictionsforitshouldbegiven．CombiningthedefinitionsgivenbyYuanFang(2008)andW．uRuifeng(2009)，hereisthedefinitionoftheBCconstructionadoptedillmisthesis：(3)TheBCconstructionpatternsNPl+VPl+NP2+、rP2．SemanticallyVlmustcontainthesemanticfeature[+cause]，andNP2semanticallycorrelateswithbothVIand场．AsfortheclassificationoftheBCconstruction．thisthesisholdsthatalltheBC2 ChapterOneIntroductionsentencessharethesameinternalsyntacticstructures，andthustheclassificationoftheconstructionneednottobediscussedinthisthesis．1．2ResearchQuestionsInthisthesis，threequestionsonthestudyofbi—constituentconstructionareraisedinthefollowing：(a)、讹atalethedifferencesoftheBCconstructionandothersentencestructuresrepresentedas‘‘NPI+VPI+NP2+VP2’，?(b)HowistheBCconstructionderivedwithintheMinimalistProgram?(c)WhatisthemotivationofthederivationoftheBCconstruction?1．3SignificanceoftheStudyThisthesisisacaseofresearchinChineseenvironmentwithintheframeworkof．．MEOnthebasisofthepreviousresem'chfindingsinChineselinguisticcircle，thisthesishasstudiedtheBCconstructionfromtheperspectiveoftheMinimalist一一；、—一Programandappliedafeasibleanalysisthatisbothdescriptivelyandexplanatorilyadequateforit．一～一。Theoretically,thisresearchiscarriedoutundertheupdateddevelopmentoftheminimalisttheories，especiallytheCopyTheoryofMovementwhichisprovedtobeapowerfulandpromisingtheoryinexplainingcomplicatedlinguisticphenomenaacrosslanguages．Inaddition，itisalsobelievedthatthePredicate-InternalSubjectHypothesis，whichisuniversallyusedtoanalyzeaVPinvariouslanguagessuchasFrenchandEnglish，isalsoapplicableforVPsinChinese，includingVPsintheBCconstruction．ItisanintegrationofChinesegrammarandtheUniversalGrammar(hereafterUG)，andthisintegrationdeepensourunderstandingofUGandenrichesUGitself．Methodologically,comparedwitllthepreviousresearches，thepresentstudyhasabigdifference．砀etraditionalChinesegrammariansmainlyanalyzetheBCconstructionatthedescriptivelevel，andeventodaynotaunifieddefinitionandadefinitescopeoftheconstructionhavebeenachieved．Whilethisresearchfirst3 ChapterOneIntroducfiondefinestheBCconstructiontolimitthescopeofthestudyandthendistinguishesitfromothersentencestructureswiththesamesurfacepattern，thuswecangetamuchbetterunderstandingofthisconstructionandanalyzeitwithexplicitpurpose．111eprimarypurposeofthisresearchistoexplainhowaBCstructureisderivedandwhyitderivesthatway．ByansweringthesequestionsaclearideaoftheBCconstructioncanbeachieved．Practically,thepresentresearchhasgivenUSaclearexplanationofthederivationandmotivationoftheBCconstruction，whichwillhavegreathelptotheteachingandlearningofChinesegrammar．111emainfindingsinthisresearchCanbeappliedtotheteachingandlearningoftheBCconstruction，especiallytothosewhotakeChineseasforei印languageorsecondlanguage．1．4OrganizationTllisthesisfallsintosixchapters．Asdiscussedbynow,thefirstchapterisan一●一一introductionwhichgivesanoutlineofthisthesis．Heretheauthorhaspresentedtheresearchquestions，significanceofthisstudy,andtheorganizationofthethesis．InTwotheauthorreviewsthepreviousresearchesoftheBCconstruction．neauthordividestherepresentativeresearchersofthisfieldintoBvogroups：thetraditionalChinesegrammariansandthegenerativegrammarians．TIlischapteralsomentionssomeresearchersofthisstudy,suchasWangLi，DingShengshu，LUShuxiang,WhQizhu，)(ingXin,ChengZhenquan，YangDaran，andWuRuifeng．AfterthattheauthormakessomecommentsonthepreviousstudiesandpointouttheproblemsofthePROanalysis．Threeisthetheoreticalframeworkadoptedinthisthesis．InthischaptertheauthorfirstintroducestheMinimalistProgram，underwhichthisstudyiscarriedout，andthenpresentstheVP—IntemalSubjectHypothesis(VPISH)andSplitVPanalysis，whichmainlydealwitlltheanalysisofaverb．AtlastthischapterreferstotheCopyTheoryofMovement，andaccordingtotheCopyTheoryofMovement，atraceisacopyofthemovedelementthatisdeletedinthephonologicalcomponent，butisavailableforinterpretationatLF．Thesethreetheorieswillsupporttheensuing4 ChapterOneIntroductionanalysisofthisthesis．FouraimstodistinguishtheBCconstructionfromothersentencestructurespatterning‘‘NPl+VPl+NP2+VP2”，includingSVC，DOC，theSPOconstruction，andSIMVC．InthischaptertheauthorwilluseseveralmethodstoanalyzethesesentencestructuresandfindthedifferencesbetweentheBCconstructionandthem．InFivetheauthorfirstanalyzesthatinEnglishthelowercopyofanounorpronounCanalsoberealizedinPF,andalsofindsthatinChinesethelowercopyofNP2intheBCconstructionCanbelexicalizedundercertainconditions(e．g．theinsertionofheavyadverbialphrasesbetweenNP2itselfanditscopy)．SinceacopyCanhavepronunciationinPF,itCallalsobeassignedacase．Basedonthesefindings，thischapterthengivesthederivationoftheBCconstructionwithinMPandthediscussionofthemotivationforsuchderivation．Sixistheconclusionofthewholeresearch．Inthischaptertheauthorgivesthenewfindingsofthisstudyandalsopointsoutthelimitationsandimplicationsofthepresentresearch．5 ChapterTwoLiteratureRenew2．1IntroductionTwoLiteratureReviewWiththeformof‘NPl+VPl+NP2+VP2”，theSO—calledbi-constituentconstructionisacon仃oversialsentencepatterninmodernChinese，andremainsintriguingformanyyears．Accordingtodifferentunderstandingsofthescopeofthisconstruction,differentscholarsgivedifferentnamestothisconstruction．TheearliestresearchofthisconstructionasanindependentsentencestructuredatesbacktotheworkLecturesontheModemChineseGrammar(DingLfi，andLi，etc．1961)．Theyregardthepredicateofabi—constituentconstructionasacomplexpredicatethatiscomposedofaverb—objectphrase‘'NPI+VPI”andasubject-predicatephrase‘'NP2+VP2”．TheyalsobelievethatNP2istheobjectofVPIandthesubjectofVP2，andthat’Stheirreasonwhyitiscalledbi—constituentconstruction．Eversincethen,agroupofChinesescholarsspilledagreatdealofinkonthisconstruction．Inthischapter,theauthorisgoingtointroducesomebasicconceptionsoftheBCconstructionandreviewsomeofthepreviousstudiescarriedoutbydifferentlinguists．Afterma：t，theauthorwillpomouttheirproblemsandpavethewayforthesubsequentdiscussions．2．2TraditionalChineseGrammariansTraditionalChinesegrammariansmainlydealwiththeclassificationandthescopeoftheBCconstructionandtheymainlyanalyzetheBCconstructionatthedescriptivelevel．ThefollowingissomerepresentativestudiesoftraditionalChinesegrammariansontheBCconstruction．2．2．1WangLi’SClassificationoftheBCConstructionWangfirstUSes‘‘d／xishi'’tosignifytheconstructionwiththepaRernof‘‘NPI+VPl+NP2+VP2”．Thenhedefines‘'d／耐shr’asaspecialsentencetypeofChinese，inwhichNP2，theobjectofthematrixverbVPt，seenlstobethesubjectof6 ChapterTwoLiteratureR—e—viewtheembcddedconstituentVP2atthesametime．Heclassifiesthisconstructionintothreegroups：A．NP2isthegoalofVPlandsimultaneouslythesubjectofVP2．(1)FengJiechenshiyouqingjiamuSisterFengtakeopportunityagaininviteJia’Smotherhuorilaikanxi．dayaftertomorrowcomeseeopera‘"Sister凡略tooktheopportunityonceagaintoinvitedia"smothertoseeanoperathedayaftertomorrow．"(Wang，1985：P92)B．NP2isthepredicativeofVPIandsimultaneouslythesubjectofVP2．(2)Qishinizijibangzhuleni．actuallybeyouyourselfhelpAPSyou‘"Actually,it'syourselfwhohelpedyou．”C．NP2isthepredicateofVPlandsimultaneouslythesubjectofVP2．(3)Talaidebushihou．‘—一hecomenotbetime‘'Hedidn?comeattherighetime．”(wang,1985：P92)一‘，●⋯●P一’_⋯+●2．2．2DingShengshu，LiiShuxiang,andLiRong’SStudyIn12ofLecturesonModemChineseGrammar,Ding，etcmainlydevisedtwowaystodistinguishtheBCconstructionandtheSubject—PredicateObjectconstruction．OnewaytotestthedifferencebetweenthemisbypausinginthesentencebetweenVPIandNP2，asshowninthefollowingexamples：(4)(a)WejiaotabiexiezhezhongWenzhang．Iaskhenotwritethiskindarticle‘‘‘，askedhimnottowritethiskindofarticles．”(b)WoxiwangtabiexiezhezhongWellzhang．Ihopehenotwritethiskindarticle‘Yhopedthathewouldnzwritethiskindofarticles．"(Ding,Lii，andLi，etc．1961)ItCanbeseenthat(4a)isaBCsentenceand(4b)isaSubject-PredicateObject7 ChapterTwoLiteratureRenewsentence．AsanalyzedbyDing,Lfi，andLietc，whenuttering(4b)，itcanbepausedbetweenthematrixverb‘'xiwang'’(hope)andNP2‘‘ta”(him)．Onthecontrary,itisimpossibletopausebetweenthemainverb‘yiao”(ask)andthebi—constituent“ta”(him)in(4a)．ThesecondwaytodifferthemiStoinsertanadverboradverbialmodifierbetweenVPiandNP2，ifthesentenceisstillgrammaticalandmeaningful，itisaSubject—PredicateObjectsentence，andifitisaBCsentence，thesameinsertionwillresultinitsmeaninglessness．2．2．3LiiShuxiang’SViewpointAccordingtotheproposaloftheChineseAcademyofSocialSciences，Lfi(1999)deemsthattherearetwoverbsinthepredicateposition：thematrixpredicatevPlandtheembeddedpredicateVP2．HebelievesthatNP2betweenthetwoverbsiseithertheobjectofthematrixpredicateVPlorthesubjectoftheembeddedpredicateVP2，butcall’tbetheboth(1999：24)．Inaddition。hearguesthattheBCconstructionCanbedividedintothreetypesinaccordancewiththemeaningofVPI：causativetype，affectivetypeandthetypeoftransferofposition(1999：36—37)．2．2．4WuQizhu’sClassificationoftheBCConstructionAccordingtothemeaningofVP!，Wu(1990)dividestheBCconstructionintosixcategories：causativeverbs，e．g．shi(make)，qing(invite)，yunxu(permit)，bi(force)，etc．；affectiveverbs，e．g．xihuan(1ike)，biaoyang(praise)，zhuyuan(wish)，ere．；transferofpossession，e．g．gei(give)，song(send)，fie(borrow／lend)，etc．；appellationverbs，e．g．jiao(call)，chenghu(name)，etc．；sentenceswiththeverbshi(be)andyou(have)．Inadditiontothesixcategories，hepointsoutthattherearesomeparticulartypesofverbs，suchas“baoliu”(keep)type，‘'zaoshou"’(suffer)type，‘锄以刀ju”(elect)type，‘恸以”(100k)type，“ang"’(1isten)type，and‘yieshao”(introduce)type，etc．ExceptfortheclassificationoftheBCconstruction，WualsogivesthewaystodistinguishtheBCconstructionfromSubject—PredicateObjectconstruction．Inthe8 ChapterTwoLiteratureRenewSubject-PredicateObjectconstruction，‘'NP2+VP2’’functionasOlleconstituentandcanbeextractedtothebeginningofthesentence，whiletheprepositionof‘'NP2+VP2”isnotallowedintheBCconstruction．2．3GenerativeGrammarians2．3．1XingXin’SViewpointXing(1984)WaSthefirstonewhousedtheTransformationalGrammartoanalyzetheBCconstructionwithinthetheoreticalframeworkofGovernmentandBondingTheory(GB)．Inherpaper,shefirstmakescoramentonthepreviousanalyses，anddistinguishestheBCconstructionfromclausal-objectconstruction,contractionsentences，anddouble-objectsentenceswimrespecttothedifferencesoftlleirdeepstructures．SheappliesdeepstructureandsurfacestructuretotheanalysisoftheBCconstructionandbelievesthatthereisablendingoftwosemanticallyrelatedpredicatesinthedeepstructure鹪demonstratedin(5)．(5)MamajiaoWOchifan．Thesurfacestructureofthissentenceshouldbeasfollows：’⋯—’(6)S／＼‘NPVPmajiaoWOchifanNl(Vl+N2+V2)Andthedeepstructuresofthissentenceshouldbe：(7)S／＼NPlVPlI／＼VP2(S1)／＼／＼N1VlN2(N3)V2mamajiaoWO(wo)chifan9 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewAccordingtothisanalysis，Xingbelievesthatthereexistsanembeddedclauseinitsdeepstructure．N3，thesubjectoftheembeddedclause，hasthesamemorphologyandsemanticmeaningsasNz，whichistheobjectofthemainclause．AsItllimplicitelement，N3isadjaeenttoN2，andthatisonereasonwhyitdoesnotappearinthesurfacestructure．Astheextensionofthemainclause，theembeddedclauseisnotindependent，andisattachedtothemainclause，andthatistheotherreasonwhyN3issubstitutedbyN2inthesurfacestructure．Xing(1990)USeSthesemanticfeature【+Cause】toconfinethescopeoftheBCconstruction．Shepositsthatsentenceswiththeformof‘‘NPl+VPl+NP2+VP2”c缸bedefined舔BCsentencesonlywhentheirmatrixpredicateVPlcontainsthesemanticfeature【+Came]．ShealsofindsthatNP2CallnotbetheobjectofVP!andthesubjectofVP2atthesametime．OnedementcannothavetwogrammaticalfunctionsfortheapparentviolationoftheCaseTheoryandtheTheta-Theory．Tosolvethisproblem,sheproposestllatthesubjectofVP2canbeanalyzed舔anemptycategoryPRO．HereisanexamplebyXing(1990)：’。’(8)ZhangSanrangLiSiqu．ZhangSanletLiSigo‘·’‘'ZhangSanletLi＆go．”Inthelightofthetheoryofemptycategory,theinternalstructureof(2)isasfollows：(9)[s,ZhangSan["rangk(LiSi)j】[S2e,jquill．Andthetreediagramis：(10)Sl／＼subjectpredicatel／l＼verbobjectcomplementlI／＼NlVlN2N3V2ZhangSanrang(Lisi)jejquOnthebasisofControlTheoryandpropergovernmentconstraint，theemptylO ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewcategoryeiscontrolledbyN2“LiSi”andhenceisCO·indexedwithit．Followingthisanalysis，shebelievesthatthereexistsanemptycategoryethatservesasthesubjectofV2，andtheSO-calledBCN2“LiSi”onlyperformstheobjectofthematrixpredicateV1‘'rang’．Attheendofherdiscussion，shecomestotheconclusionthattheBCconstructionshouldbeanalyzedasaconstructionwithasubject，apredicateandacomplement．Comparedwitllthetraditionalgrammars．thebiggestmeritsofXing’Sstudyliesinthatsheisthefirsttointroducetheconceptionofsurfacestructureandthedeepstructuretodiscusstheinternals觚ctureofBCsentences．Shealsoproposestoapplythesemanticfeature[+Cause]toconfinethescopeoftheBCconstructionandbelievesthatthesubjectofV2istheemptycategorye．However,itisnotdifficulttofindthatthereisfatalinadequacyin)(ing’Sanalysis：thereisaternary-branchingstructureinfleediagram0o)．Thepredicateiscomposedofthreeseparatedconstituents：theverbVt，theobjectN2，andthecomplementN3+V2．Suchaternary-branching栅d慨isevidentlyincompatiblewitllthebinary-branchingrestrictionwhichassumesthatthemergeoperationisanintrinsicallybinaryoperation．，2．3．2ChengZhenquan’sPointofViewCheng(2003)analyzedthetensefeaturesofVIandV2intheBCconstructionanddrewtheconclusionthatthereexistsfiniteandnonfinitedistinctioninChinese，andtheVP2一clauseintheBCconstructionisaninfinitiveclause．Inaccordancewiththes仃ucturesofobject—controlpredicateandExceptionalCaseMarking(ECMhereafter)，heproposestwokindsofanalyses，namingtheobject—controlmodelandECMmodel．Intheobject·controlmodel，thenullsubjectPROisbase-generatedinthespeciferpositionofVP2andfunctionsastheinternalsubjectofVP2．NP2ismergedwithVlandreceivesanAccusativeCasedirectlymarkedbyV1．WhileintheECMmodel，thenullsubjectofVP2isanNP-traceleftbyA-movement．NP2mergesatthesubjectpositionofv2anditsAccusativeCaseisexceptionallymarkedbyV1．Comparingthetwoanalyticalmodels，Chengarguesthattheobject-controlmodelismoreadequateandreasonablebothindescriptionandexplanation．Inthe ChapterTwoLiteratureRenewECMmodel，achainlike