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时间:2019-05-07
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1、Section1LISTENINGTEST(30minutes)SpotDictation:Directions: Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewardorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyou ANSWERBOOKLET.Re
2、memberyouwillhearthepassageonlyonce.TodaywewilltalkaboutwhatothereffectswatchingTVmightproduceonchildren.Childrenshouldbediscouragedfromwatchingalotoftelevision.Manyexpertsandparentsagree.Butthereisatleastonecircumstancewhenthatmightbebeneficial,mutingpa
3、in.ArecentstudyconductedbyItalianresearchersfoundthatchildrenwhoviewedcartoonsimmediatelyprecedingandduringbloodtestsexperiencedlesspainthanchildrenwhosemothersattemptedtodistractthemduringtheprocedureorchildrenwhosemotherswereatpresentbutdidnotinteractw
4、iththem. TheresearchledbyCarloBrownMDattheUniversityofSiennaispublishedintheArchivesofDiseaseinChildhood.69childrenparticipatedinthestudy.Nonereceivedanytypeofanesthesia.Thechildrenandtheirmothersdeterminetheirpainscores.Boththegroupswhosemothersattempte
5、dtodistractthemfromthebloodtestsandthosewhosemotherssimplyobservedreportedsubstantiallyhigherpainratingsthanthegroupwhowatchedthecartoons.Forthatgroup,thelevelsofpainwerelessandthechildrenwerebetterabletotoleratethepaintheydidexperience. Oneofthepossible
6、explanationsisthatchildrenmighthavepickedupontheirmothersanxietyduringtheprocedures,exacerbatingtheirperceptionofpain.Thehigherpainlevelreportedbychildrenduringmothers’effortsatdistractionshowsthedifficultymothershaveininteractingpositivelyatadifficultmo
7、mentintheirchildren’slife,theauthorswrite.However,theystressthatthemother’spresencestillprovidedbenefits,notingthatthechildrenwouldappreciatenotbeingleftaloneduringtheprocedures.Indeed,childrenstatethathavingtheirparentpresentprovidesthemostcomfortwhenin
8、pain,saystheauthors.AnotherpossibilityofferedforconsiderationisthenotionthatthepleasureofwatchingTVmightreleasepain-quellingendorphins.Endorphins,biochemicalcompoundsproducedbythepituitaryglandresembleopiatesintheirability
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