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1、EthnicgroupAnethnicgroupisagroupofhumanbeingswhosemembersidentifywitheachother,usuallyonthebasisofpreferentialendogamy(marryingwithinasocialgroup)and/orapresumedorrealcommonancestry.[1][2]Ethnicidentityisfurthermarkedbytherecognitionfromothersofagroup'sdistinctiveness[3]andtherecognitionofcom
2、moncultural,linguistic,religious,behavioralorbiologicaltraits,[1][4]realorpresumed,asindicatorsofcontrasttoothergroups.[5]Ethnicityisanimportantmeansthroughwhichpeoplecanidentifythemselves.Accordingto"ChallengesofMeasuringanEthnicWorld:Science,politics,andreality",aconferenceorganizedbyStatis
3、ticsCanadaandtheUnitedStatesCensusBureau(April1-3,1992),"Ethnicityisafundamentalfactorinhumanlife:itisaphenomenoninherentinhumanexperience."[6]However,manysocialscientists,likeanthropologistsFredrikBarthandEricWolf,regardethnicitymoreasaproductofinteraction,ratherthanreflectingessentialqualit
4、iesinherenttohumangroups.[7]Processesthatresultintheemergenceofsuchidentificationarecalledethnogenesis.Membersofanethnicgroup,onthewhole,claimculturalcontinuitiesovertime,althoughhistoriansandculturalanthropologistshavedocumentedthatmanyofthevalues,practices,andnormsthatimplycontinuitywiththe
5、pastareofrelativelyrecentinvention.[8]AccordingtoThomasHyllandEriksen,untilrecentlythestudyofethnicitywasdominatedbytwodistinctdebates.Oneisbetween"primoridalism"and"Instrumentalism."Intheprimordialistview,theparticipantperceivesethnictiescollectively,asanexternallygiven,evencoërcive,socialbo
6、nd.[9]Theinstrumentalistapproach,ontheotherhand,treatsethnicityprimarilyasanad-hocelementofapoliticalstrategy,usedasaresourceforinterestgroupsforachievingsecondarygoalssuchas,forinstance,anincreaseinwealth,powerorstatus.[10][11]ThisdebateisstillanimportantpointofreferenceinPoliticalscience,al
7、thoughmostscholars'approachesfallbetweenthetwopoles.[12]Theseconddebateisbetween"constructivism"and"essentialism."Constructivistsviewnationalandethnicidentitiesastheproductofhistoricalforces,oftenrecent,evenwhentheypresentthemselvesasold.[13]
