【素材】Module 2 文本 Literature（外研）

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1、LiteratureOldbookbindingsattheMertonCollegelibrary.Literatureistheartofwrittenworks.Literallytranslated,thewordmeans"acquaintancewithletters"(fromLatinlitteraletter).InWesternculturethemostbasicwrittenliterarytypesincludefictionandnon-fiction.DefinitionsLite

2、ratureMajorformsNovel ·Poem ·DramaShortstory ·NovellaGenresEpic ·Lyric ·DramaRomance ·SatireTragedy ·ComedyTragicomedyMediaPerformance(play) ·BookTechniquesProse ·PoetryHistoryandlistsBasictopics ·LiterarytermsHistory ·ModernhistoryBooks ·WritersLiteraryawar

3、ds ·PoetryawardsDiscussionCriticism ·Theory ·MagazinesTheword"literature"hasdifferentmeaningsdependingonwhoisusingit.Itcouldbeappliedbroadlytomeananysymbolicrecord,encompassingeverythingfromimagesandsculpturestoletters.Inamorenarrowsensethetermcouldmeanonlyt

4、extcomposedofletters,orotherexamplesofsymbolicwrittenlanguage(Egyptianhieroglyphs,forexample).Anevenmorenarrowinterpretationisthattexthaveaphysicalform,suchasonpaperorsomeotherportableform,totheexclusionofinscriptionsordigitalmedia.TheMuslimscholarandphiloso

5、pherImamJa'faral-Sadiq(702-765AD)definedLiteratureasfollows:"Literatureisthegarmentwhichoneputsonwhathesaysorwritessothatitmayappearmoreattractive."[1]addedthatliteratureisasliceoflifethathasbeengivendirectionandmeaning,anartisticinterpretationoftheworldacco

6、rdingtothepercipient'spointofviews.Frequently,thetextsthatmakeupliteraturecrossedovertheseboundaries.RussianFormalistRomanJakobsondefinesliteratureas"organizedviolencecommittedonordinaryspeech",highlightingliterature'sdeviationfromtheday-to-dayandconversatio

7、nalstructureofwords.Illustratedstories,hypertexts,cavepaintingsandinscribedmonumentshaveallatonetimeoranotherpushedtheboundariesof"literature."Peoplemayperceiveadifferencebetween"literature"andsomepopularformsofwrittenwork.Theterms"literaryfiction"and"litera

8、rymerit"oftenservetodistinguishbetweenindividualworks.Forexample,almostallliteratepeopleperceivetheworksofCharlesDickensas"literature,"whereassomecritics[citationneeded]lookdownontheworksofJeffr