【素材】Module 3 文本 Literature 外研

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1、LiteratureOldbookbindingsattheMertonCollegelibrary.Literatureistheartofwrittenworks.Literallytranslated,thewordmeans"acquaintancewithletters"(fromLatinlitteraletter).InWesternculturethemostbasicwrittenliterarytypesincludefictionandnon-fiction.DefinitionsLiteratureMajorformsNovel ·Poem ·D

2、ramaShortstory ·NovellaGenresEpic ·Lyric ·DramaRomance ·SatireTragedy ·ComedyTragicomedyMediaPerformance(play) ·BookTechniquesProse ·PoetryHistoryandlistsBasictopics ·LiterarytermsHistory ·ModernhistoryBooks ·WritersLiteraryawards ·PoetryawardsDiscussionCriticism ·Theory ·MagazinesThewor

3、d"literature"hasdifferentmeaningsdependingonwhoisusingit.Itcouldbeappliedbroadlytomeananysymbolicrecord,encompassingeverythingfromimagesandsculpturestoletters.Inamorenarrowsensethetermcouldmeanonlytextcomposedofletters,orotherexamplesofsymbolicwrittenlanguage(Egyptianhieroglyphs,forexamp

4、le).Anevenmorenarrowinterpretationisthattexthaveaphysicalform,suchasonpaperorsomeotherportableform,totheexclusionofinscriptionsordigitalmedia.TheMuslimscholarandphilosopherImamJa'faral-Sadiq(702-765AD)definedLiteratureasfollows:"Literatureisthegarmentwhichoneputsonwhathesaysorwritessotha

5、titmayappearmoreattractive."[1]addedthatliteratureisasliceoflifethathasbeengivendirectionandmeaning,anartisticinterpretationoftheworldaccordingtothepercipient'spointofviews.Frequently,thetextsthatmakeupliteraturecrossedovertheseboundaries.RussianFormalistRomanJakobsondefinesliteratureas"

6、organizedviolencecommittedonordinaryspeech",highlightingliterature'sdeviationfromtheday-to-dayandconversationalstructureofwords.Illustratedstories,hypertexts,cavepaintingsandinscribedmonumentshaveallatonetimeoranotherpushedtheboundariesof"literature."Peoplemayperceiveadifferencebetween"l

7、iterature"andsomepopularformsofwrittenwork.Theterms"literaryfiction"and"literarymerit"oftenservetodistinguishbetweenindividualworks.Forexample,almostallliteratepeopleperceivetheworksofCharlesDickensas"literature,"whereassomecritics[citationneeded]lookdownontheworksofJeffr