英美概况术语解析及简答题

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1、I.Definethefollowingterms.1.Monopoly:Monopoly,economicsituationinwhichonlyasinglesellerorproducersuppliesacommodityoraservice・Oneormoreofthefollowingelementsareofgreatimportanceinestablishingamonopoly:(1)controlofamajorresourcenecessarytoproduceaproduct,aswasthecasewithbauxiteinthepre-WorldWarI

2、Ialuminumindustry;(2)technologicalcapabilitiesthatallowasinglefirmtoproduceatreasonablepricesalltheoutputofaparticularcommodityorservice,asituationsometimesdescribedasaHnaturalnmonopoly;(3)exclusivecontroloverapatentonaproductorontheprocessesusedtoproducetheproduct;and(4)agovernmentfranchisetha

3、tawardsacompanythesolerighttoproduceacommodityorserviceinagivenarea.Amongthevariouskindsofeconomicmonopoliesarepublicutilities,trusts,cartels,andindustrialmergers.2.BigBen:BigBenisthelargestclockinBritainandhaskeptexacttimeforthenationsinceMay1859・Itisfamoustheworldoverforbeingthegiantfourfaced

4、clockinLondon,England・BigBenisthenameofthegiant14-tonnebellthathangsinsidetheclocktowerandchimeseveryhourofeverydayinEngland.Thehugebellwashungin1858andnamedafterSirBenjaminHall,ChiefCommissionerofWorksatthetimethebellwashung.InEnglandyoucanhearBigBenchimingdailythenationover,eitherontelevision

5、newsorradio.3.Independentschools:Independentschoolsarefee-payingeducationalinstitutions.Independentschoolsusuallyprovidepupilswithtwostagesofeducation.Theprincipalschoolsforchildrenofoverthirteen(13〜18)areusuallycalledpublicschoolsandthoseforyoungerpupils(8〜13)areusuallycalledpreparatory(colloq

6、uially"prep”)schools・Manysuchschoolsarelongestablishedandhavegainedareputationfortheirhighstandards.However,onlyabout6%ofallchildrenattendtheseschools・4.Redbrick:Redbrickisthenameforagroupofuniversitiesfoundedbetween1850and1930,includingLondonUniversity.Theyweresocalledbecauseredbrickwasthefavo

7、uritebuildingmaterialofthelime.Asthetermredbrick”alreadyfellintodisfavor,theyaresometimescalledmiddle-ageduniversities-Mostofthesehighereducationinstitutionswerefoundedinthebiggestindustrialtownsandinafewothercenters・Theirfirstpur