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1、外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文:InertiaandIncentives:BridgingOrganizationalEconomicsandOrganizationalTheoryKaplanSarah,HendersonRebeccaForafirmtobeabletoderivethe“optimal”contract,agreatdealofknowledgehastobeinplace—andknowntoeveryoneonbothsidesofthecontract.Managersneedtoundersta
2、ndwhatthepossiblesetofactionsis,howenjoyableorcostlytheseactionsaregoingtobefortheindividualemployee,andthelinkbetweentheseactionsandusefuloutput.Thentheyneedtobeabletodesignarelationalcontractbetweenthefirmandtheemployeesthatwillpersuadetheemployeesthatthefirmwillho
3、norsuchapromise.Inaworldofperfectinformationinwhichnewrelationalcontractscanbesimplyannounced,thiswouldnot,ofcourse,beaproblem—butinthemessyworldofarealorganization,itislikelytobeverydifficultindeed.Thedevelopmentofnewincentivesregimesundertheseconditionsfacesthrees
4、eparatebutinterrelatedproblems—uncertaintyaroundincentives,uncertaintyaroundthetask,andthedifficultiesinherentinstructuringcrediblenewincentives.Whilethesechallengesarepresentforanyfirminanewarena,wesuggestthatestablishedfirmsfaceparticularhurdlesnotsalienttostartups.
5、Considerfirstthosechallengesthatallfirmsface.First,identifyingexactlywhatanemployeeislikelytodowithoutbeingpaidtodoit,orwhathisorhertrueinterestsare,is,inpractice,acomplicatedtaskevenfortheindividualemployee.Puttingtoonesidetheimportantbutthornyquestionofintrinsicmot
6、ivation,asthefieldworkreportedoninKaplansuggests,actorsmayhavemultipleintereststhatrunfromthetangiblybeneficialtothemoreintangiblebeneficial.Theseinterestsaresubjecttointerpretationevenbytheemployee.Moreover,individuals’interestsmayevolveover10timeastheygainexperience
7、,moveintonewpositions,belongtodifferentorganizationalgroups,andrespondtochangedincentivestructures.Assuch,individualsmayhavemultipleintereststhatcanbedifferentiallysalientindifferentcontexts,dependingonboththeincentivesinthatsettingandthecognitiveframestheyhold.Apa
8、rticularcognitiveframeaboutthenatureofthetechnologicalchangewillmakeaparticularsetofinterestssalientinthatsituation.Inanygivencontext,individuals