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1、Xie1Displacement,Differentiation,Difference:ACriticalPerspectiveonGlobalizationShaoboXieInModernityatLarge,ArjunAppaduraiarguesthatelectronicmediaandmigrationhavecausedanepochalrupturebetweenthemodernandthepostmodern,creatingtransnational,transterritorial,andt
2、ranslocalsolidaritiesoftaste,opinion,andpleasure,andradicallyweakeningthecontrolofthenation-stateoversubjectivitiesanddiscoursesdecentered,mobile,anddeterritorializedinnature.Globalizationisnotthestoryofhomogenization;modernityatlargeismodernityfragmented,diff
3、erentiatedanduncontainablebydefinitiveboundaries.PartoftheimplicationsofAppadurai’snotionofmodernityatlargeseemstobethatvastnumbersofhistoricallyformedculturalandethniclocalitiesandidentitiesconstantlybroughtintocontactandconflictwithoneanotherbymediaandmigrat
4、ionhavecatalyzedastampedeofuncontrollablemicro-andmacro-modernities.LikethefigureofDerrideandifferance,thetropeofmodernityissusceptibletoinfinitesplittingorproteantransformation.Appadurai’sconceptionofglobalizationasaprocessofradicalfragmentationordifferentiat
5、ionofmodernityrecallsJanNederveenPieterse’sassertionthatglobalization,aprocessofhybridizationwhichgivesrisetoaglobalmelange,constitutes“theframeworkfortheamplificationanddiversificationof‘sourcesoftheself’”(45,52).InPieterse’sview,“thereareasmanymodesofglobali
6、zationasthereareglobalizingagentsanddynamicsorimpulses”(46).Appadurai’sandPieterse’sdefinitionsofglobalizationaresomewhatechoedbyMichaelHardtandAntonioNegri,authorsofEmpire,whodescribeglobalcapitalismas"adecenteredanddeterritorializingapparatusofrule,"which"es
7、tablishesnoterritorialcenterofpower"(xii),andasanempireoffragmented,hybridized,mobile,andviolatedmultitudes.TheNewEmpire,whichisXie2globalcapitalismrenamed,rulesthroughstrategiesofdisplacement,differentiation,mobility,andfragmentation.Thisempirefeedsondifferen
8、ce,for“[m]arketingitselfisapracticebasedondifferences,andthemoredifferencesaregiven,themoremarketingstrategiescandevelop....Everydifferenceisanopportunity”(152).Ifindtheviewofgloba
