Chapter 11 Cell Differentiation

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1、Chapter11CellDifferentiation1.DifferentiationpotencyofcellsVConceptandessenceofcelldifferentiationVHouse-keepinggeneandLuxurygeneVMechanismofdifferentialgeneexpressionVCelltotipotencyVChangeoftotipotencyduringembryonicdevelopmentVSignificanceofDollyVTransdifferentiationConceptandessenceof

2、celldifferentiationCelldifferentiationistheprocessthatacellchangestocarryoutaspecializedfunction,andistheresultofgenedifferentialexpression.Itsessenceisthatcertainspecificgenes(luxurygenes)ofgenomeareactivatedtoexpressinordertoproducttissuespecificproteins.Thedifferentcelltypesofamulticel

3、lularorganismcontainthesameDNA,butdisplaydifferentmRNAexpressionpatterns,thussynthesizedifferentsetsofproteins.Tissuespecificproteinsinvolveindifferentcellmorphous,construction,andfunction.Human:1014cells,>200celltypesHouse-keepinggeneandLuxurygeneHouse-keepinggenes:Expressedinallcelltype

4、s,essentialfornormalsurvival.Luxurygenes:Tissue-specificgenes,expressedinspecialcells.Molecularhybridizationtechniquesdetectgenesandtheirexpression,exhibitingthegenedifferentialexpression.ExpressionofluxurygeneindifferentiatedcellsSouthernblotoftotalDNANorthernblotoftotalRNAgeneOviductEry

5、throIsletOviductErythroIsletcell-blastcellcell-blastcellovalbumin＋＋＋＋－－globin＋＋＋－＋－insulin＋＋＋－－＋Mechanismofgenedifferentialexpressioncombinationalcontrolofspecificregulatoryproteins.Combinationalcontrolinvolvedinmusclecelldifferentiation:ExternalsignalsactivatemyoD,mastergeneofdifferentia

6、tionofmyoblaststoskeletalmuscle,whichinturnactivateexpressionoffurthergenesandmuscle-specialgenes.Muscle(LossofFGFreceptors)ProliferationDifferentiationProliferationdifferentiationCyclinD1MyoDCyclinD1MyoDCdk4Cdk4FGFsp21p21OncegenemyoDisactivatedtoexpress,myoblastsstopproliferating,andinit

7、iatethepathwayofdifferentiation.CelltotipotencyTotipotencyisthecapabilityofsinglecelldifferentiationtodevelopintoacompleteorganism.ChangeoftotipotencyduringembryonicdevolopmentlleellllllycelltcceadtcntintentenmtiateoternopoereipltiipTfetunifoMUdTThecapabilityofcelld