chapter 21 regulating the eukaryotic cell cycle

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1、21REGULATINGTHEEUKARYOTICCELLCYCLEThisculturedratkidneycellinmetaphaseshowscondensedchromosomes(blue),microtubulesofthespindleapparatus(red),andtheinnernuclearenvelopeproteinPOM121(green).ThePOM121stainingdemonstratesthattheinnernuclearenvelopeproteinsretractintotheERduringmitosis.[BrianBurkean

2、dJanEllenberger,2002,NatureRev.Mol.CellBiol.3:487.]hecellcycleentailsanorderedseriesofmacromolecu-andmitosis.ThemastercontrollersoftheseeventsarealareventsthatleadtocelldivisionandtheproductionsmallnumberofheterodimericproteinkinasesthatcontainaToftwodaughtercellseachcontainingchromosomesregula

3、torysubunit(cyclin)andcatalyticsubunit(cyclin-identicaltothoseoftheparentalcell.Duplicationofthedependentkinase).ThesekinasesregulatetheactivitiesofparentalchromosomesoccursduringtheSphaseofthecycle,multipleproteinsinvolvedinDNAreplicationandmitosisbyandoneoftheresultingdaughterchromosomesisdis

4、tributedphosphorylatingthematspecificregulatorysites,activatingtoeachdaughtercellduringmitosis(seeFigure9-3).Precisesomeandinhibitingotherstocoordinatetheiractivities.Intemporalcontroloftheeventsofthecellcycleensuresthatthischapterwefocusonhowthecellcycleisregulatedandthereplicationofchromosome

5、sandtheirsegregationtotheexperimentalsystemsthathaveledtoourcurrentunder-daughtercellsoccurintheproperorderandwithextraordi-standingofthesecrucialregulatorymechanisms.narilyhighfidelity.Regulationofthecellcycleiscriticalforthenormaldevelopmentofmulticellularorganisms,andlossofcontrolultimatelyl

6、eadstocancer,anall-too-familiardis-OUTLINEeasethatkillsoneineverysixpeopleinthedevelopedworld21.1OverviewoftheCellCycleandItsControl(Chapter23).Inthelate1980s,itbecameclearthatthemolecular21.2BiochemicalStudieswithOocytes,Eggs,processesregulatingthetwokeyeventsinthecellcycle—andEarlyEmbryoschro

7、mosomereplicationandsegregation—arefundamen-21.3GeneticStudieswithS.pombetallysimilarinalleukaryoticcells.Becauseofthissimilarity,researchwithdiverseorganisms,eachwithitsownparticu-21.4MolecularMechanismsforRegulatinglarexperiment