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the internet’s achilles’ heel error and attack tolerance of complex networks

the internet’s achilles’ heel error and attack tolerance of complex networks

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时间：2019-03-07

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1、Thenternet'sA hilles'Heel:Errorandatta ktoleran eof omplexnetworksRekaAlbert,Hawoongeong,Albert-aszloBarabasiDepartmentofhysi s,UniversityofotreDame,otreDame,46556anysystemsthatweper eiveastruly omplexdisplayanamazingdegreeoftoleran eagainst

2、errors.Forexample,relativelysimpleorganisms-su hasvariousspe iesofba teria-grow,persistandreprodu edespitelargevaria-tionsintheirenvironment,ordrasti pharma euti alinterventions,anerrortoleran eattributedtotherobustnessoftheunderlying ellular(metaboli )n

3、etwork[1℄.Thein reasingly omplex ommuni ationnetworksrespondingtothedemandgeneratedbytheadditionofdiverse ommuni ationdevi estothenternet[2℄displayasurprisingdegreeofrobustness:whilekey omponents(routers,lines)regularlymalfun tion,lo alfailuresrarelylea

4、dtothelossoftheglobalinformation- arryingabilityofthenetwork.Thestabilityoftheseandother omplexsystemsagainstlo alerrorsandfailuresisoftenattributedtotheredundantwiringofthefun tionalwebde nedbythesystems' omponents,guaranteeingmultiplealternativeroutesb

5、etweenmostpairsofnodes.nthispaperwedemonstratethatsu herrortoleran eisnotsharedbyallredundantsystems,butitisdisplayedonlybya lassofinhomogeneouslywirednetworks, alleds ale-freenetworks.We ndthats ale-freenetworks,des ribinganumberofsystems,su hasthewww[

6、3{5℄,nternet[6℄,so ialnetworks[7℄ora ell[8℄,displayanunexpe teddegreeofrobustness,theabilityoftheirnodesto ommu-ni atebeinguna e tedbyevenunrealisti allyhighfailurerates.However,thiserrortoleran e omesatahighpri e:thesenetworksareextremelyvulnerabletoat

7、ta ks,i.e.tothesele tionandremovalofafewnodesthatplaythemost1importantroleinassuringthenetwork's onne tivity.n ontrast,nosu herrortoleran eoratta kvulnerabilityisdisplayedbythe lassi alnetworkmodels[9{11℄whi hgenerateredundantbuthomogeneousexponentialne

8、tworks,thatarethebasisofmostexistingnetworkmodelsusedfrom omputers ien e[12℄toe ology[13℄.Finally,weshowthattheerrortoleran eandatta ksurvivabilityisageneri propertyof ommuni ationnetworks,su hasthenternetorthewww,with om

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