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1、Thenternet'sA
hilles'Heel:Errorandatta
ktoleran
eof
omplexnetworksRekaAlbert,Hawoongeong,Albert-aszloBarabasiDepartmentofhysi
s,UniversityofotreDame,otreDame,46556anysystemsthatweper
eiveastruly
omplexdisplayanamazingdegreeoftoleran
eagainst
2、errors.Forexample,relativelysimpleorganisms-su
hasvariousspe
iesofba
teria-grow,persistandreprodu
edespitelargevaria-tionsintheirenvironment,ordrasti
pharma
euti
alinterventions,anerrortoleran
eattributedtotherobustnessoftheunderlying
ellular(metaboli
)n
3、etwork[1℄.Thein
reasingly
omplex
ommuni
ationnetworksrespondingtothedemandgeneratedbytheadditionofdiverse
ommuni
ationdevi
estothenternet[2℄displayasurprisingdegreeofrobustness:whilekey
omponents(routers,lines)regularlymalfun
tion,lo
alfailuresrarelylea
4、dtothelossoftheglobalinformation-
arryingabilityofthenetwork.Thestabilityoftheseandother
omplexsystemsagainstlo
alerrorsandfailuresisoftenattributedtotheredundantwiringofthefun
tionalwebdenedbythesystems'
omponents,guaranteeingmultiplealternativeroutesb
5、etweenmostpairsofnodes.nthispaperwedemonstratethatsu
herrortoleran
eisnotsharedbyallredundantsystems,butitisdisplayedonlybya
lassofinhomogeneouslywirednetworks,
alleds
ale-freenetworks.Wendthats
ale-freenetworks,des
ribinganumberofsystems,su
hasthewww[
6、3{5℄,nternet[6℄,so
ialnetworks[7℄ora
ell[8℄,displayanunexpe
teddegreeofrobustness,theabilityoftheirnodesto
ommu-ni
atebeingunae
tedbyevenunrealisti
allyhighfailurerates.However,thiserrortoleran
e
omesatahighpri
e:thesenetworksareextremelyvulnerabletoat
7、ta
ks,i.e.tothesele
tionandremovalofafewnodesthatplaythemost1importantroleinassuringthenetwork's
onne
tivity.n
ontrast,nosu
herrortoleran
eoratta
kvulnerabilityisdisplayedbythe
lassi
alnetworkmodels[9{11℄whi
hgenerateredundantbuthomogeneousexponentialne
8、tworks,thatarethebasisofmostexistingnetworkmodelsusedfrom
omputers
ien
e[12℄toe
ology[13℄.Finally,weshowthattheerrortoleran
eandatta
ksurvivabilityisageneri
propertyof
ommuni
ationnetworks,su
hasthenternetorthewww,with
om