Demtr&ampamp;amp;#246;der--Atoms， Molecules &ampamp;amp; Photons.pdf

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1、WolfgangDemtröderAtoms,MoleculesandPhotonsAnIntroductiontoAtomic-,Molecular-andQuantum-PhysicsWith663Figuresand43Tables123PrefaceThedetailedunderstandingofmatter,itsphasetransitionsanditsinteractionwithradiationcouldbeonlyreached,afteritsmicroscopicstructuredeterminedbythekindofatom

2、sormoleculesasbasicconstituentsofmatterhadbeeninvestigated.Thisknowledgeallowedthecontrolledoptimizationofcharacteristicpropertiesofmatter.Atomicphysicsthereforerepresentsnotonlyanareaofimportantfundamentalresearch,buthasfurthermoremanyapplicationswhichhaveessentiallyformedourpresen

3、ttechnicalworld.Theunderstandingofmaterialsandtheiruseindailylife,hasmajorimpactofourcultureandourattitudetowardsnatureandourenvironment.Thistextbookisaimedasanintroductiontothemicroscopicworldofatoms,mo-leculesandphotons.Itillustrateshowourknowledgeaboutthemicroscopicstructureofmat

4、terandradiationcameaboutandwhichcrucialexperimentsforcedanexten-sionandrefinementofexistingclassicaltheories,culminatinginthedevelopmentofquantumtheory,whichisnowacceptedasthebasictheoryofatomicandmolecularphysics.Thebookthereforestartswithashorthistoricalreviewabouttheroleofex-perim

5、entsforcorrectingerroneousideasandprovingtheexistenceofatomsandmolecules.Thecloseinteractionbetweenexperimentsandtheoryhasbeenoneofthereasonsfortherapiddevelopmentofatomicphysicsinthe19thand20thcenturies.Examplesarethekinetictheoryofgases,whichcouldbecompletelyunderstoodbytheassumpt

6、ionofmovingatomsinthegas,orthepostulationofenergyquantaintheradiationfield,whichcouldexplainthediscrepancybetweenmeasurementsofthespectralenergydistributionofthermalradiationfieldsandclassicalelectrodynamics.ThenewideasofquantumphysicsandtheircorroborationbyexperimentsarediscussedinCh

7、ap.3whilethefundamentalequationsofquantummechanicsandtheirapplicationstosomesimpleexamplesareexplainedinChap.4.Atheorycanbebestunderstoodbyapplicationstoarealsituation.InChap.5thequantumtheoryofthesimplestrealsystem,namelythehydrogenatom,ispresented.Hereitisagainillustrated,thatexpe

8、rimentsenforcedanex