Friedrich Hayek - Intellectuals and Socialism.pdf

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1、TheIntellectualsandSocialism,byF.A.HayekTheIntellectualsandSocialismByF.A.Hayek[ReprintedfromTheUniversityofChicagoLawReview(Spring1949),pp.417-420,421-423,425-433,bypermissionoftheauthorandthepublisher,TheUniversityofChicagoPress;GeorgeB.deHuszared.,TheIntellectuals:AControversialPortrait(

2、Glencoe,Illinois:theFreePress,1960)pp.371-84.ThepaginationofthiseditioncorrespondstotheHuszareditedvolume.]Inalldemocraticcountries,intheUnitedStatesevenmorethanelsewhere,astrongbeliefprevailsthattheinfluenceoftheintellectualsonpoliticsisnegligible.Thisisnodoubttrueofthepowerofintellectuals

3、tomaketheirpeculiaropinionsofthemomentinfluencedecisions,oftheextenttowhichtheycanswaythepopularvoteonquestionsonwhichtheydifferfromthecurrentviewsofthemasses.Yetoversomewhatlongerperiodstheyhaveprobablyneverexercisedsogreataninfluenceastheydotodayinthosecountries.Thispowertheywieldbyshapin

4、gpublicopinion.Inthelightofrecenthistoryitissomewhatcuriousthatthisdecisivepoweroftheprofessionalsecondhanddealersinideasshouldnotyetbemoregenerallyrecognized.ThepoliticaldevelopmentoftheWesternWorldduringthelasthundredyearsfurnishestheclearestdemonstration.Socialismhasneverandnowherebeenat

5、firstaworking-classmovement.Itisbynomeansanobviousremedyfortheobviousevilwhichtheinterestsofthatclasswillnecessarilydemand.Itisaconstructionoftheorists,derivingfromcertaintendenciesofabstractthoughtwithwhichforalongtimeonlytheintellectualswerefamiliar;anditrequiredlongeffortsbytheintellectu

6、alsbeforetheworkingclassescouldbepersuadedtoadoptitastheirprogram.Ineverycountrythathasmovedtowardsocialism,thephaseofthedevelopmentinwhichsocialismbecomesadetermininginfluenceonpoliticshasbeenprecededformanyyearsbyaperiodduringwhichsocialistidealsgovernedthethinkingofthemoreactiveintellect

7、uals.InGermanythisstagehadbeenreachedtowardtheendofthelastcentury;inEnglandandFrance,aboutthetimeofthefirstWorldWar.TothecasualobserveritwouldseemasiftheUnitedStateshadreachedthisphaseafterWorldWarIIandthattheattractionofaplannedanddirectedeconomicsystem