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1、HHIIEERRHarvardInstituteofEconomicResearchDiscussionPaperNumber1934TheRiseoftheRegulatoryStateByEdwardL.GlaeserandAndreiShleiferNovember2001HarvardUniversityCambridge,MassachusettsThispapercanbedownloadedwithoutchargefromthe:http://post.economics.harvard.edu/hier/2001papers/2001li
2、st.htmlTheRiseoftheRegulatoryStatebyEdwardL.GlaeserandAndreiShleiferDiscussionPaperNumber1934November2001HarvardInstituteforEconomicResearchHarvardUniversityCambridge,MA02138TheRiseoftheRegulatoryStateEdwardL.GlaeserandAndreiShleifer1DepartmentofEconomics,HarvardUniversitySecondDr
3、aft,October20011WearegratefultoSimeonDjankov,ClaudiaGoldin,OliverHart,SimonJohnson,LarryKatz,LouisKaplow,RafaelLaPorta,FlorencioLopez-de-Silanes,StevenShavell,andLawrenceSummersforhelpfulcomments,andtotheNSFforfunding.1AbstractthDuringtheProgressiveEraatthebeginningofthe20century,
4、theUnitedStatesreplacedlitigationbyregulationastheprincipalmechanismofsocialcontrolofbusiness.Toexplainwhythishappened,wepresentamodelofchoiceoflawenforcementstrategybetweenlitigationandregulationbasedontheideathatjusticecanbesubvertedwithsufficientexpenditureofresources.Themodels
5、uggeststhatcourtsaremorevulnerabletosubversionthanregulators,especiallyinanenvironmentofsignificantinequalityofwealthandpoliticalpower.TheswitchtoregulationcanthenbeseenasanefficientresponsetothesubversionofjusticebyrobberbaronsduringtheGildedAge.Themodelmakessenseoftheprogressive
6、reformagenda,andofthesuccessesandfailuresofalternativelawenforcementstrategiesindifferentcountries.EdwardL.GlaeserAndreiShleiferHarvardUniversityHarvardUniversity315ALittauerCenterM9LittauerCenterCambridge,MA02138Cambridge,MA02138eglaeser@harvard.eduashleifer@harvard.eduandNBERand
7、NBER21.Introduction.Before1900,significantcommercialdisputesintheUnitedStatesweregenerallyresolvedincourts.Courtsruledonliabilityinindustrialaccidents,onanti-competitivepracticessuchasrailroadrebates,onsafetyoffoodsandmedicines,andevenontheconstitutionalityoftheincometax.Inthethre
8、edecadesbetween1887,whenCongressp
