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1、THERISEOFGRAPHENEA.K.GeimandK.S.NovoselovManchesterCentreforMesoscienceandNanotechnology,UniversityofManchester,OxfordRoadM139PL,UnitedKingdomGrapheneisarapidlyrisingstaronthehorizonofmaterialsscienceandcondensedmatterphysics.Thisstrictlytwo-dimensionalmaterialexhibitsexceptionallyhighcrystal
2、andelectronicqualityand,despiteitsshorthistory,hasalreadyrevealedacornucopiaofnewphysicsandpotentialapplications,whicharebrieflydiscussedhere.Whereasonecanbecertainoftherealnessofapplicationsonlywhencommercialproductsappear,graphenenolongerrequiresanyfurtherproofofitsimportanceintermsoffundam
3、entalphysics.Owingtoitsunusualelectronicspectrum,graphenehasledtotheemergenceofanewparadigmof“relativistic”condensedmatterphysics,wherequantumrelativisticphenomena,someofwhichareunobservableinhighenergyphysics,cannowbemimickedandtestedintable-topexperiments.Moregenerally,graphenerepresentsaco
4、nceptuallynewclassofmaterialsthatareonlyoneatomthickand,onthisbasis,offersnewinroadsintolow-dimensionalphysicsthathasneverceasedtosurpriseandcontinuestoprovideafertilegroundforapplications.Grapheneisthenamegiventoaflatmonolayerofcarbonatomstightlypackedintoatwo-dimensional(2D)honeycomblattice
5、,andisabasicbuildingblockforgraphiticmaterialsofallotherdimensionalities(Figure1).Itcanbewrappedupinto0Dfullerenes,rolledinto1Dnanotubesorstackedinto3Dgraphite.Theoretically,1-3graphene(or“2Dgraphite”)hasbeenstudiedforsixtyyearsandwidelyusedfordescribingpropertiesofvariouscarbon-basedmaterial
6、s.Fortyyearslater,itwasrealizedthatgraphenealsoprovidesanexcellent4-6condensed-matteranalogueof(2+1)-dimensionalquantumelectrodynamics,whichpropelledgrapheneintoathrivingtheoreticaltoymodel.Ontheotherhand,althoughknownasintegralpartof3Dmaterials,graphenewas5presumednottoexistinthefreestate,be
7、ingdescribedasan“academic”materialandbelievedtobeunstablewithrespecttotheformationofcurvedstructuressuchassoot,fullerenesandnanotubes.Allofasudden,the7,8vintagemodelturnedintoreality,whenfree-standinggraphenewasunexpectedlyfoundthreeyearsagoa
