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1、TANI.DOC11/15/20125:35:54PMKarenM.TaniWelfareandRightsBeforetheMovement:RightsasaLanguageoftheStateabstract.Inconversationsaboutgovernmentassistance,rightslanguageoftenemergesasadanger:whenbenefitsbecome“rights,”policymakersloseflexibility,taxpayerssuffer,andthepoo
2、rlosetheirincentivetowork.Absentfromthediscussionisanunderstandingofhow,when,andwhyAmericansbegantotalkaboutpublicbenefitsinrightsterms.ThisArticleaddressesthatlacunabyexaminingtheriseofavibrantlanguageofrightswithinthefederalsocialwelfarebureaucracyduringthe1930sa
3、nd1940s.Thislanguageisbarelyvisibleinjudicialandlegislativerecords,thetraditionalsourcebaseforlegal-historicalinquiry,butamplyevidencedbypreviouslyunminedadministrativerecords.Usingthesedocuments,thisArticleshowshowconceptsof“welfarerights”filteredthroughfederal,st
4、ate,andlocaladministrativechannelsandintocommunitiesaroundthenation.Thisfindingcontradictsconventionalwisdom,whichdatesthebirthof“welfarerights”languagetothe1960s.ThisArticlerevealsthatasearlyas1935,someAmericans—governmentofficials,noless—deliberatelyandpersistent
5、lyemployedrightslanguageincommunicationsaboutwelfarebenefits.Inadditiontochallengingdominantinterpretations,thisArticleidentifiesanunder-studiedaspectofrightslanguage.Anabundant“rightstalk”literaturechroniclesandcritiquesclaimants’useofrightslanguage.ThisArticle,by
6、contrast,identifiesrightslanguageemanatingfromgovernmentandbeingusedforgovernmentpurposes.Specifically,thisArticlearguesthatfederaladministratorsusedrightslanguageasanadministrativetool,awaytosolvetrickyproblemsoffederalismandadministrativecapacityatatimeinwhichpoo
7、rreliefwasshiftingfromalocaltoastateandfederalresponsibility.Thus,thisArticlenotonlyenrichesdebatesabouttheroleofrightsincontemporarysocialwelfarereforms,butalsobringsfreshinsightstoscholarshiponthetechniquesofadministratorsandthelimitsoffederalpower.author.Assista
8、ntProfessorofLaw,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Forconstructivequestionsandcriticisms,IthanktheNewYorkUniversityLegalHistoryColloquium,theeditor
