welfare 福利问题

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1、ThewelfarestateoComparingwelfarestatesoSocialwelfareintheUnitedKingdomoFranceoGermanyoSwedenoUnitedStatesoInternationalaspectsofsocialpolicyoThesocialpolicyoftheEuropeanUnionoSocialpolicyindevelopingcountriesoGlobalizationandwelfareTheideaofthe"welfarestate"meansdifferentthingsindiff

2、erentcountries.·Anidealmodel.The"welfarestate"usuallyreferstoanidealmodelofprovision,wherethestateacceptsresponsibilityfortheprovisionofcomprehensiveanduniversalwelfareforitscitizens.·Statewelfare.Somecommentatorsuseittomean"welfareprovidedbythestate".ThisisthemainuseintheUSA.·Social

3、protection.Inmany"welfarestates",socialprotectionisnotdeliveredbythestateatall,butbyacombinationofindependent,voluntaryandgovernmentservices.Thesecountriesarestillusuallythoughtofas"welfarestates".TheUnitedKingdom:theWelfareStateAsaBriggs,inaclassicessayontheBritishwelfarestate,ident

4、ifiedthreeprincipalelements.Thesewere·aguaranteeofminimumstandards,includingaminimumincome;·socialprotectionintheeventofinsecurity;and·theprovisionofservicesatthebestlevelpossible.[5]Thishasbecomeidentified,inpractice,withthe'institutional'modelofwelfare:thekeyelementsaresocialprotec

5、tion,andtheprovisionofwelfareservicesonthebasisofright.Inpractice,socialwelfareintheUnitedKingdomisverydifferentfromthisideal.Coverageisextensive,butbenefitsandservicesaredeliveredatalowlevel.Thesocialprotectionprovidedispatchy,andservicesaretightlyrationed.ABriefHistoryoftheBritishW

6、elfareStateTheprimaryideaunderlyingtheplatformoftheBritishLabourPartywastheratherobviousideathatitwaspartofthegovernment'sresponsibilitytohelpfindsolutionstothemajorsocialproblemsfacingits citizens.ThequestionssurroundingthepossibilityofsuccessfulImplementationofthesesolutionsatbeena

7、tthecoreofthethecontentionthatexistedbetweentheopposingpoliticalideologies.TheonslaughtofGermanaggressioninWorldWarIIforcedBritainintoasituationwhereitnolongerhadanychoicebuttogiveintoideologicalpressuresandputthemintopractice.Bytheconclusionofthewarprettymuchalldoubthadevaporatedint

8、hecloudsofbo