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1、ForestPolicyandEconomics7(2005)175186www.elsevier.com/locate/forpolDevelopmentandeconomicsignificanceofforestcertification:thecaseofFSCinBoliviaGustavNebela,*,LincolnQuevedob,JetteBredahlJacobsena,FinnHellesaaDepartmentofEconomicsandNaturalResources,TheRoyalVeterin
2、aryandAgriculturalUniversity,Rolighedsvej23,1958FrederiksbergC,DenmarkbUniversidadAuto´nomaGabrielRene´Moreno,CarreradeIngenierı´aForestal,Km.8.5alNorte,Casilla6025,SantaCruzdelaSierra,BoliviaReceived30August2002;receivedinrevisedform11April2003;accepted23April2003
3、AbstractCertificationreceivesmajorattentioninthedebateaboutsustainableforestmanagement,andinBoliviaarelativelywideexperienceexistsregardingForestStewardshipCouncil(FSC)certificationofnaturaltropicalforests.Thepresentpaperstudiestheconditionsimposedonforestoperators
4、forgettingcertified,andtheexportpricesofcertifiedvs.non-certifiedtimberproducts.Thisprovidesabasisforassessingaspectsoftheeffectiveness,efficiencyandequityofcertification.Effectivenessintermsofcertifiedareahasbeenmodest:almost1millionhaofnaturalforests,or14%ofthear
5、eawithmanagementplans,dominatedbyonlyfivelargecompaniesthatprobablyareamongthebestperforming.Theconditionsforcertificationareaproxyofitsimpact,andtheymainlyregardeddocumentation,monitoringandenvironmentalissuesthatmightimmediatelybecompliedwith.ForestmanagementinBo
6、liviahasdevelopedonthebasisofanexternalsupportedlawreformimposingrestrictiveandcontrolledregulationsandnorms,andwhenfulfillingthenewlawrequirementstheFSCprinciplesandcriteriaarelargelymet.Onlylittleimprovementwasobtainedthroughcertificationinitself.Furthermore,defo
7、restationpersistsunabated.Therefore,itappearsthatmajorrolesoftheFSCcertificationhavebeen(i)regulation-orientedverificationofcompliancewithalreadyestablishednormsand(ii)creationofaforumforconsensusformationbetweendominatingpolicyformulatingactors.Higherprices,inther
8、angeof551%,werepaidforthemajorityofexportedcertifiedtimberproducts.Thereareindicationsthatthepricepremiumsexceedthedirectoperationalcostsofcertif
