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1、RediscoveringtheGreatestHumanStrengthWillpowerRoyF.Baumeister&JohnTierneyINTRODUCTIONHoweveryoudefinesuccess—ahappyfamily,goodfriends,asatisfyingcareer,robusthealth,financialsecurity,thefreedomtopursueyourpassions—ittendstobeaccompaniedbyacoupleofqualities.Whenpsychologistsisolatethep
2、ersonalqualitiesthatpredict“positiveoutcomes”inlife,theyconsistentlyfindtwotraits:intelligenceandself-control.Sofarresearchersstillhaven’tlearnedhowtopermanentlyincreaseintelligence.Buttheyhavediscovered,oratleastrediscovered,howtoimproveself-control.Hencethisbook.Wethinkthatresearchi
3、ntowillpowerandself-controlispsychology’sbesthopeforcontributingtohumanwelfare.Willpowerletsuschangeourselvesandoursocietyinsmallandlargeways.AsCharlesDarwinwroteinTheDescentofMan,“Thehighestpossiblestageinmoralcultureiswhenwerecognizethatweoughttocontrolourthoughts.”TheVictoriannotio
4、nofwillpowerwouldlaterfalloutoffavor,withsometwentieth-centurypsychologistsandphilosophersdoubtingitevenexisted.Baumeisterhimselfstartedoutassomethingofaskeptic.Butthenheobservedwillpowerinthelaboratory:howitgivespeoplethestrengthtopersevere,howtheyloseself-controlastheirwillpowerisde
5、pleted,howthismentalenergyisfueledbytheglucoseinthebody’sbloodstream.Heandhiscollaboratorsdiscoveredthatwillpower,likeamuscle,becomesfatiguedfromoverusebutcanalsobestrengthenedoverthelongtermthroughexercise.SinceBaumeister’sexperimentsfirstdemonstratedtheexistenceofwillpower,ithasbeco
6、meoneofthemostintensivelystudiedtopicsinsocialscience(andthoseexperimentsnowrankamongthemost-citedresearchinpsychology).Heandcolleaguesaroundtheworldhavefoundthatimprovingwillpoweristhesurestwaytoabetterlife.They’vecometorealizethatmostmajorproblems,personalandsocial,centeronfailureof
7、self-control:compulsivespendingandborrowing,impulsiveviolence,underachievementinschool,procrastinationatwork,alcoholanddrugabuse,unhealthydiet,lackofexercise,chronicanxiety,explosiveanger.Poorself-controlcorrelateswithjustabouteverykindofindividualtrauma:losingfriends,beingfired,getti
8、ngdiv
